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METALLURGICAL 
'Ur"" TABLES 

USED AT THE 

SCHOOL OF MINES, 

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, 

NEW YORK. 


ARRANGED 

BY 

J 

T. EGLESTON, Jr., 

^ • 

Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy. 


/1 



NEW YORK. 


1868. 

ex 







Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 

THOMAS EGLESTON, Jit., 

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States 
for the Southern District of New York. 



8. ANGELL, PRINTER, 50 E. 26th St., N. Y. 


si 

C / 






INTRODUCTION. 


Iiie following Tables comprise the illustrations of the Metallurgical 
Lectures for the years 18G7-8. The measures which have' been given 
are all ot the Metrical System. Tables for their conversion into the 
measures in use in the U. S. have been prepared for the use of the 
Students. 

The cost price has been given in francs, because most of the informa¬ 
tion with regard to cost, which was accessible, was given in that currency. 
The item of total cost has but a relative value; it is given only as a 
standard of comparison. The cost price of working by any process will 
vary in different localities. The composition of the charges, the amount 
of labor and materials used will be about the same under the same 
circumstances; and local variations, owing to the relations of capital to 
labor, and other causes, must be determined in particular cases. 

Many valuable additions might be made to the tables. They have 
however been made as complete as it was possible to make them in the 
time which could be devoted to their preparation. It is hardly to 
be hoped that they are free from mistakes. These will be corrected 
and additions made in future editions. 


School of Mines, May, 18G8. 


THOS. EGLESTON, Jr. 






























- 





















CONTENTS. 


Table Page 

Weights, Measures, Coins, &c., with 
Equivalents in English & French i 

1. —Avoirdupois Weight. i 

2. -Troy Weight. i 

3. —Apothecaries’ Weight. i 

4. —Wine Measure, IT. S. i 

5. —Imperial Wine Measure. i 

G.—Dry Measure. i 

7. —Length . i 

8. —Square Measure. i 

9. —Cubic Measure. i 

10. —Federal Currency. i 

11. —English Currency. i 

12. —French Currency. i 

Decimal System . ii 

13. —Explanation of Prefixes. ii 

14. —Weight. ii 

15. —Wet Measure. ii 

16. —Measures of Length. ii 

17. —Measures of Surface. ii 

18. —Solid Measure. ii 

19. —Relative Value of Troy and 

Avoirdupois Weights. ii 


20.—Relative Value of IT. S. Wine 

and Imperial Wine Measure, ii 


Equivalents of English & French 

Weights and Measures . v 

Weights, Measures, Coins, etc.vii 

Ores of Copper. ...... 1 

Treatment of Native Copper. 2 

Lake Superior. 2 

France... 2 

Treatment of Sulphurets of Copper 
Pure Ores. 3 

Swedish Method. 3 

(1) Roasting. 3 

(2) Fusion for Bronze Mattes.... 4 

(3) Roasting the Bronze Matte.. 6 

(4) Fusion for Black Copper- 6 

(5) Fining the Black Copper ... 7 

(6) Refining the Rosette Copper. 8 

(7) Expense of Swedish Method. 8 

Works for Treating 10,000t. of Ore. 8 
Treatment at Boston Works. 9 


Page 


Impure Ores . 11 

Works at Altenau and Lautenthal in 

the Hartz Mountains. 11 

Treatment at Mansfeld. 12 

Treatment at KujfFerkammerliutte. 13 

Treatment at Agordo . 13 

English Method—Pure Ores. 16 

Impure Ores. 19 

Resume. 21 

Calculation for the Construction 
of Works for the English 
Method. 22 

Mixed Method. 22 

Treatment in Russia. 22 

Comparison of Methods. 23 

Treatment of Oxydes of Copper. . 23 

Treatment at Szaska. 23 

Treatment at Perm. 23 

Treatment in the Wet Way. 24 

Use of the Sulphurous Acid. 24 

Treatment of Ores of Lead. 2G 

(1) Roasting and Reaction. 26 

(1) Carinthian Method. 26 

(2) Breton Method.. 28 

(3) English Method... 29 

(4) Scotch Method. 33 

(2) Roasting and Reduction. 34 

Works at Viallas, Dept, of Lozere, 

France. 34 

Works at Carthagena, Spain. 35 

Treatment of the Crasses & Slags. 35 
Works at Ocker. 36 

(3) Method by Precipitation. ... 36 

Works at Vienne, Dauphiny. 36 

Works at Tarnowitz. 36 

Works at Altenau &; Clausthal.... 38 

Treatment at Lautenthal. 40 

(4) Mixed Method. 41 

Roasting the Ores... 41 

Treatment at Przibam. 41 

Treatment at Pontgibaud. 42 


































































6 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Treatment at Biache, St. Yaast.. . 43 


Treatment at Stolberg. 44 

Treatment at Selegneaux. 44 

Works at Membach.. 45 

Works at Bleiberg. 45 

Works at Corphalie. 45 


Comparison of Three Processes. .. 4G 


Kefined Lead 


47 


Extraction of Silver . 48 

Method by Pattinsonage. 48 

CuPELLATION .!.. 51 

German Method... 51 

Refining the Silver. 52 

English Cupelljition . 54 

Separation of Silver by Zinc. 54 

Reduction of the Litharges, Ac.. 54 

Treatment in Reverberatory Furn. 54 

Treatment in a Shaft Furnace. 55 


Condensation of Yolatile Products 57 


Treatment of Ores of Silver. 59 

1. Fusion of Lead Ores at Freiberg. 

Treatment... 59 

(1) Roasting. 59 

(a) Fusion of Ores. GO 

(b) Concentration of the Mattes. 61 

( c ) Treatment of Scorias. 62 

(3) Treatment of the Lead Mattes. GG 

(a) 1st Fusion. 66 

(b) 2d Fusion. 66 

(c) Treatment of the Scorias.... 67 

Resume .. 67 

Recapitulation. 68 

Imbibation. 68 

Liquation... 68 

Amalgamation. G9 


Page 


(1) Saxon Amalgamation. 69 

(2) American Amalgamation.... G9 

Mixed Method... 09 

(3) Pan Amalgamation. 69 

Treatment of Silver in the Wet 
Way . G9 


(1) Augustine’s Method. 

(2) Ziervogefs Method at Mans- 

feld. 

(3) Yon Patera’s Method. 

(4) Solution in Acids. 

Refining Silver... 

Treatment of Gold Ores. 

Treatment. 

(1) Washing. 

(2) Washing and Amalgamation. 

(3) Fusion... 

(4) Wet Way.. 

Treatment by Chlorine. 

Refining of Gold and Silver at 

Septemes. 

Treatment of Tin.. 


69 


70 

71 
71 

71 

72 
72 
72 
72 
72 
72 
72 


72 


74 


Treatment in the Shaft Furnace... 74 

Treatment in Reverberatory Furn. 74 

Treatment of Ores of Zinc . 75 

(1) Silesian Method. 75 

(2) Belgian Method. 75 

(3) English Method. 76 

(4) Wet Method. 76 

Treatment of Ores of Mercury .. 76 

Method by Precipitation.. . 76 

Method by Roasting. 76 

Wet Way. 76 

Treatment of Ores of Antimony. . 77 


Treatment by Roasting A Reduction 77 


ERRATA. 

Plate 2, figs. 3, 5, 8, 9, the scale should be eight millimetres for 
one metre. 

Plate 4, figs. 7, 8, 9, the scale should be one centimetre for one metre. 





















































TABLES 


OF 

WEIGHTS, MEASURES, COINS, &c., 

WITH THEIR 

EQUIVALENTS IN THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH SYSTEMS. 

•-- a 


No. 1. — Avoirdupois Weight. 


1G drachms = 

1G ounces = 

28 pounds* = 

4 quarters = 

20 hundred wt. = 


1 ounce. 

1 pound. 

1 quarter. 

1 hundred wt. 

1 tonof22401bs. 


*In the U. S., with some exceptions, 
100 pounds = 1 hundred wt. 

2000 pounds = 1 ton. 


No. 2.—Troy Weight. 

24 grains = 1 pennyweight. 

20 pennyweights = 1 ounce. 

12 ounces = 1 pound. 


No. 3 .— Apothecaries’ Weight. 


20 grains — 

1 scruple, 

O) 

3 scruples = 

1 dram, 

(3) 

8 drams = 

1 ounce, 

(3) 

12 ounces = 

1 pound, 

(lb) 


No. G.— Dry Measure. 
2 pints == 1 quart. 

8 quarts = 1 peck. 

4 pecks = 1 bushel. 


No. 7. — Length. 

12 inches = 1 foot. 

3 feet = 1 yard. 

1760 yards = 1 mile. 

8 furlongs = 1 mile. 

3 miles = 1 league. 

No. 8.—Square Measure. 

144 square inches =1 square foot. 

9 square feet =1 square yard. 
30£ square yards =1 sq. rod or perch 
40 sq. rods or perches=1 rood. 

4 roods or 160 u =1 acre. 

640 acres =1 square mile. 


No. 4.— Wine Measure. U. S. 


60 minims 
8 fluidraehms 
16 fluidounces 
2 pints 
4 quarts 
3IF gallons 
2 barrels 


1 fluidrachm, (fl 3 ) 
1 fluidounce, (fl § ) 
1 pint. 

1 quart. 

1 gallon. 

1 barrel. 

1 hogshead. 


No ." 5. — Imperial Wine Measure. 


60 minims 

8 fluidraehms 
20 fluidounces 

2 pints 
4 quarts 

9 gallons 
36 gallons 
54 gallons 

2 hogsheads 
2 pipes 


1 fluidrachm. 
1 fluidounce. 
1 pint. 

1 quart. 

1 gallon. 

1 firkin. 

1 barrel. 

1 hogshead. 

1 pipe. 

1 tun. 


No. 9.—Cubic Measure. 

1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot. 
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. 
128 cubic feet = 1 cord. 


No. 10.—Federal Currency. 

10 mills = 1 cent. 

10 cents = 1 dime. 

10 dimes = 1 dollar. 

10 dollars = 1 eagle. 

No. 11.—English Currency. 

4 farthings = 1 penny. 

12 pence = 1 shilling. 

20 shillings = 1 pound or sovereign. 

No. 12.—French Currency. 

5 centimes = 1 sou. 

100 centimes = 1 franc. 

20 francs = 1 Napoleon. 














11 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 


DECIMAL SYSTEM. 


V<?. 13.—Explanation of Prefixes. 


For division, from 
the Latin. 


( Mille = 
-] Centum = 
( Decern = 


1000 

100 

10 


Gramme. Metre. Are. Litre. 

Weight. Length. Surfaces. Cub. Capacity. 


For multi¬ 
plication. 


gley.a (Deca) = 10 

c Ey.axov (Hecaton) = 100 

) Xihos (Chilios) = 1000 
Mi nins (Myrias) =10000 


No. 14.—Weight. 


.001 of a gramme 

.01 “ “ 

^ it it 

1 cubic centimetre of 
water at 4°C 
10 grammes 
100 

1000 “ 

100 kilogrammes 
1000 “ 


= 1 milligramme. 
= 1 centigramme. 
= 1 decigramme. 

= 1 gramme. 

= 1 decagramme. 
= 1 hectogramme. 
= 1 kilogramme. 
= 1 quintal. 

= 1 ton. 


No. 15. — Wet Measure. 
.01 of a cubic metre=l centilitre. 


.1 

1 

10 

100 

1000 


a 


= 1 cubic decimetre. 
= 1 litre. 

= 1 decalitre. 

= 1 hectolitre. 

= 1 kilolitre. 


No. 1G.—Measures of Length. 

.001 of a metre = 1 millimetre. 

.01 u 11 = 1 centimetre. 

.1 “ u =1 decimetre. 

1 metre=1 ten-millionth of the distance 
from the pole to the equator. 

10 metres = 1 decametre. 

100 u =1 hectometre. 

1000 u =1 kilometre. 

10,000 “ =1 myriametre. 

No. 17.—Measures of Surface. 

1 square metre = 1 centiare. 

100 u 11 =1 are. 

10,000 “ u = 1 hectare. 

No. 18.—Solid Measure. 

.1 of a cubic metre—1 cubic decimetre. 
1 cubic metre =1 stere. 

10 cubic metres =1 cubic decametre. 


No. 19. —Relative Value of Troy and Avoirdupois Weights. 


Pound. 

Pounds. 

Pound. 

Ounces. 

1 troy 

= 0.822857 avoirdupois 

= 0 

13 

1 avoirdupois 

= 1.215277 troy 

= 1 

2 


Grains. 

72.5 

280. 


No. 20.— Relative Value of U. S. Wine and Imperial Wine Measure. 


TJ. S. Wine Measure. 

1 minim = 

1 fluidrachm = 

1 fluidounee = 

1 pint = 

1 gallon = G pints, 

Imperial Wine Measure. 


Imperial Wine Measure. 

1.04 minims. 




1 fluidrachms, 
0 “ 

2.5 

a 

1 

fluidounces, 

it 

20 

it 

16 

5 

18 

a 

13 

it 

2 “ 

23 

it 


U. S. Wine Measure. 


1 minim 
1 fluidrachm 
1 fluidounee 
1 pint 
1 gallon 


1 pint, 

1 gallon, 1 “ 


7 

3 fluidounces, 1 
9 “ 5 


0.96 minims. 
58 “ 

fluidrachms, 41 
38 
8 


it 


It 

it 


u 


u 









WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


Ill 


VALUE OF ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN FRENCH. 


No. 21.— Avoirdupois Weight. 

1 dram = 1.7718 gram’s 

1 ounce = 28.3464 “ 

1 pound = 0.45359265 k. 

1 hundredwt. 100 lbs= 45.359265 11 

1 ton, 2000 lbs. = 907.18530 “ 

1 ton,2240 lbs. =1016.0416 “ 


1 gallon 
1 barrel 
1 hogshead 
1 pipe 
1 tun 


4.543458 

163.5642 

245.3436 

490.6872 

981.3744 


No. 26. —Dry Measure. U. S. 


No. 22.—Troy Weight. 

1 grain = 0.0648 grammes. 

1 pennyweight = 1.5545 

1 ounce = 31.0813 “ 

1 pound = 373.241918 “ 


1 pint = 0.55067 litres. 

1 quart = 1.10135 

1 peck = 8.8108 

1 bushel = 35.2432 


No. 23. —Apothecaries’ Weight. 


1 grain 

= 0.0648 

grammes. 

1 scruple 

= 1.296 

u 

1 dram 

= 3.8779 

it 

1 ounce 

= 31.1035 

u 

1 pound 

= 373.242 

u 


No. 24. —Wine Measure. U. S. 


No. 27. —Long Measure. 


inch 

= 2.54 

centimetres. 

foot 

= 0.3048 metres. 

yard 

= 0.9144 

u 

rod 

= 5.0297 

u 

furlong 

= 201.1643 

u 

mile 

= 1609.3149 

a 


1 minim 
1 fluidrachm 
1 fluidounce 
1 pint 
1 quart 
1 gallon 
1 barrel 
1 hogshead 


0.0000616 litres. 
0.003697 
0.029578 
0.47325 
0.9465 
3.786 
129.249 
258.498 


No. 28.—Square Measure. 

1 square inch = 6.49 sq. centimetres. 

“ foot = 0.0929 sq. metres. 

“ yard = 0.8360 “ 

“ rod = 25.292 “ 

“ rood= 10.1168 ares. 

“ acre = 40.4671 u 

u mile =258.9894 hectares. 


No. 25. —Imperial Wine Measure. 


1 minim = 

0.00005915 litres. 

1 fluidrachm = 

0.0035495 

1 fluidounce = 

0.0283966 

1 pint = 

0.567932 

1 quart = 

1.135864 


No. 29.— Cubic Measure. 

1 cu. inch = 16.3862 cu. centimetres, 

leu. foot = 28315.3119 “ 

1 cu. yard= 0.764513 cu. metres. 









iV VALUE OF U. S., ENGLISH AND FRENCH COINS. 




No. 30- 

-UNITED 

STATES. 



GOLD. 


value. i 

FINENESS. 

VARIATION 

WEIGHT. 




Francs. 



Grammes. 


Double eagle, 

$20 

103.40 

90 per c. 

u 

0.002 

33.434 


Eagle, 

$10 

51.70 

u 

16.717 


Half eagle, 

3 dollars, 

2i dollars, 

$5 

25.85 

u 

u 

8.385 


$3 

15.51 

1C 

u 

5.01 


$2.50 

12.925 

u 

u 

4.179 


1 dollar, 

$1 

5.17 

u 

ti 

1.67 


SILVER. 






1 dollar, 

$1 

5.17 

u 

0.003 

26.729 


Half dollar, 
f dollar, 

Dime, 

50c. 

2.585 

a 

u 

13.364 


25c. 

1.2925 

a 

u 

6.682 


10c. 

0.517 

u 

u 

2.672 


Half dime, 

3 cents, 

5c. 

0.2585 

i: 

u 

1.336 


3 c. 

0.1551 

a 

a 

0.8076 


NICKEL. 



BRONZE. 




5 cents, 

3 cents, 

5c. 


1 cent, 

lc. 



3 c. 


2 cents, 

2c. 





No. 31.—ENGLAND. 



GOLD. 







Five pounds, 

£o 

125.00 

91.6 per c. 

0.002ft 

«, 


Sovereign, 

£1 

25.00 

u 

u 

7.981 


Half sovereign, is. 

12.50 

u 

a 

3.995 


SILVER. 







Crown, 

5s. 

6.25 

92.5 per c. 

a 

0.004f 

28.250 


Half crown. 2s. 6d. 

3.125 

a 

14.125 


Florin, 

2s. 

2.50 

u 

u 

11.300 


Shilling, 

Is. 

1.25 

u 

u 

5.650 


Sixpence, 

6d. 

0.625 

a 

u 

2.825 


4 pence (groat) 4d. 

0.4166 

u 

u 

1.883 


3 pence, 

3d. 

0.3125 

a 

u 

1.412 


2 pence, 

2d. 

0.2083 

a 

u 

0.941 


1 penny, 

Id. 

0.1041 

a 

u 

0.470 


BRONZE. 







Penny, 

Id. 






Halfpenny, 

id. 






Farthing, 

id. 







No. 32.—FRANCE. 



GOLD. 






DIAMETER 

100 francs. 


100 

90 per c. 

0.002 

32.25806 

35m.m. 

50 “ 


50 

a 

u 

16.12903 

28 

20 “ 


20 

u 

, « 

6.45161 

21 

10 “ 


10 

a 

u 

3.2258 

19 

5 “ 


5 

u 

u 

1.61290 

17 

SILVER. 

5 francs. 


5 

a 

0.003 

25. “ 

37 

2 “ 


2 

83.5 per c. 

u 

10. “ 

27 

1 “ 


1 

u 

li 

5. « 

23 

0.50 


0.50 

u 

u 

2.50 

18 

0.20 


0.20 

u 

a 

1 

15 

BRONZE. 






0.10 


0.10 



10. 

30 

0.05 


0.05 



5. 

25 

0.02 


0.02 



2. 

20 

0.01 


0.01 



1 . 

15 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH AND 


i. 


^ V Ounces°' S Grammes. Hectogrammes. 

Avoirdupois 

Ounces. 

1 = 28.35 

1 

— 

3.53 

2 = 56.70 

2 

ZZ 

7.06 

3 = 85.05 

3 

zz 

10.59 

4 = 113.40 

4 

zrz 

14.12 

5 = 141.75 

5 

zzz 

17.65 

0 = 170.10 

6 

— 

21.18 

7 = 198.45 

7 

ZZ 

24.71 

8 = 226.80 

8 

ZZZ 

28.24 

9 = 255.15 

9 

~~~ 

31.77 

ii. 

^ V Poun<?s°' S Kilogrammes. Kilogrammes. 1 

Avoirdupois 

Pounds, 

1 = .4538 

1 

zz 

2.2 

2 = .9072 

2 

zz 

4.4 

3 = 1.3608 

O 

O 


6.6 

4 = 1.8144 

4 

ZZ 

8.8 

5 = 2.2G80 

5 

zz 

11.0 

6 = 2.7216 

6 

zzz 

13.2 

7 = 3.1752 

7 

zz 

15.4 

8 = 3.6228 

8 

— 

17.6 

9 = 4.0824 

9 

— 

19.8 

ill. 

Grains, Milligrammes, 

Grammes. 

Grains, 

1 = 64.8 

1 

zz 

15.43 

2 = 129.6 

2 

zz 

30.86 

3 = 194.4 

3 

zz 

46.29 

4 = 259.2 

4 


61.72 

5 = 324.0 

5 

— 

77.15 

6 = 388.8 

6 

= 

92.58 

7 = 453.6 

7 

zz 

108.01 

8 = 518.4 

8 

— 

123.44 

9 = 583.2 

9 

ZIZ 

138.87 

IV. 

Troy ounces. Grammes. Hecto 

rammes. Troy ounces. 

1 = 31.1 

1 

— 

3.2 

2 = 62.2 

2 

— 

6.4 

3 = 93.3 

3 

— 

9.6 

4 = 124.4 

4 

ZZ 

12.8 

5 = 155.5 

5 

zz 

16.0 

6 = 186.6 

6 

zz 

19.2 

7 = 217.7 

7 

zz 

22.4 

8 = 248.8 

8 

zzz 

25.6 

9 = 279.9 

9 

ZZI 

28.8 

V. 

Pounds Kilogrammes. Kilogrammes. 

Troy 

Pounds. 

1 = .373 

1 

zz: 

2.7 

2 = .746 

2 

zz: 

5.4 

3 = 1.119 . 

3 

zzz 

8.1 

4 = 1.492 

4 

zz: 

10.8 

5 = 1.865 

5 

zz: 

13.5 

6 = 2.238 

6 

zz: 

16.2 

7 = 2.612 

7 

HZ 

18 9 

8 = 2.984 

8 

= 

21.6 

9 = 3.357 

9 

zz 

24.3 


FRENCH WEIGHTS & MEASURES. 

VI. 


Fluid 

Drachms. 

Cubic 

Centimetres. 

Cubic 

Centimetres. 

Fluid 

Drachms 

1 

— 

3.7 

1 

zzz 

.27 

2 


7.4 

2 

— 

.54 

3 


11.1 

3 

zzz 

.81 

4 

— 

14.8 

4 

— 

1.08 

5 


18.5 

5 

' 

1.35 

6 

— 

22.2 

6 


1.62 

7 

— 

25.9 

7 

— 

1.89 

8 

— 

29.6 

8 


2.16 

9 

zzz 

33.3 

9 

= 

2.43 


VII. 


Fluid Ounces. Cen {f“^f res . 

Litres. Fluid Ounces. 

1 

= 30 

1 = 

33.8 

o 

u 

= 60 

2 = 

67.6 

3 

= 90 

O _ 

o — 

101.4 

4 

= 120 

4 = 

135.2 

5 

= 150 

5 = 

169.0 

6 

= 180 

6 = 

202.8 

7 

= 210 

7 = 

236.6 

8 

= 240 

8 = 

270.4 

9 

= 270 

9 = 

304.2 


VIII. 



Pints. 

Litres. 

Litres. 

Pints* 

1 = 

.473 

1 

: 2.1 

2 = 

.946 

o _ 

: 4.2 

3 = 

1.419 

3 = 

= 6.3 

4 = 

1.892 

4 = 

= 8.4 

5 = 

2.365 * 

5 = 

= 10.5 

6 = 

2.838 

6 = 

: 12.6 

7 = 

3.311 

7 = 

: 14.7 

8 = 

3.784 

8 = 

= 16.8 

9 = 

4.257 

9 = 

: 18.9 


IX. 



Gallons. 

Litres. 

Litres, 

Gallons. 

1 = 

3.78 

1 = 

.264 

2 = 

7.56 

2 = 

.528 

3 = 

11.34 

3 = 

.792 

4 = 

15.12 

4 = 

1.056 

5 = 

18.90 

5 = 

1.320 

6 = 

22.68 

6 = 

1.584 

7 = 

26.46 

7 = 

1.848 

8 = 

30.24 

8 = 

2.112 

9 = 

34.00 

9 = 

2.376 


X. 



Pecks. 

Litres. 

Litres. 

Pecks 

1 = 

8.8 

1 = 

.23 

2 = 

17.6 

2 = 

.46 

3 = 

26.4 

3 = 

.69 

4 = 

35.2 

4 = 

.92 

5 = 

44.0 

5 = 

1.15 

6 = 

52.8 

6 = 

1.38 

7 = 

61.6 

7 = 

1.61 

8 = 

70.4 

8 = 

1.84 

9 = 

79.2 

9 = 

2.07 


VI 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


XI. 


Bushels, 

Litres. Hectolitres. 

Bushels. 

1 = 

35. 

1 = 

2.8 

2 = 

70. 

2 = 

5.6 

3 = 

105. 

O 

O — 

8.4 

4 = 

140. 

4 = 

11.2 

5 = 

175. 

5 = 

14.0 

6 = 

210. 

6 = 

16.8 

7 = 

245. 

7 = 

19.6 

8 = 

280. 

8 = 

22.4 

0 = 

315. 

XII. 

9 = 

25.2 

Inches. 

Millimetres. 

Millimetres. 

Inches, 

1 = 

25.4 

1 = 

.03937 

2 = 

50.8 

2 = 

.07874 

3 = 

76.2 

3 = 

.11811 

4 = 

101.6 

4 = 

.15748 

5 = 

127. 

5 = 

.19685 

G = 

152.4 

6 = 

.23622 

7 = 

177.8 

7 = 

.27559 

8 = 

193.2 

8 = 

.31496 

9 = 

228.6 

XIII. 

9 = 

.35433 

Feet. 

Metres. 

Metres. 

Feet. 

1 = 

.3048 

1 = 

3.28 

2 = 

.6096 

2 = 

6.56 

3 = 

.9144 

3 = 

9.84 

4 = 

1.2192 

4 = 

13.12 

5 = 

1.5240 

5 = 

16.40 

6 = 

1.8288 

6 = 

19.68 

7 = 

2.1336 

7 = 

22.9G 

8 = 

2.4384 

8 = 

26.24 

9 = 

2.7432 

XIV. 

9 = 

29.52 

Yards. 

Metres. 

Metres. 

Yards. 

1 = 

.9144 

1 = 

1.1 

2 = 

1.8288 

2 = 

2.2 

3 = 

2.7432 

3 = 

3.3 

4 = 

3.6576 

4 = 

4.4 

5 = 

4.5720 

5 = 

5.5 

G = 

5.4864 

6 = 

6.6 

7 = 

6.4008 

7 = 

7.7 

8 = 

7.3152 

8 = 

8.8 

9 = 

8.2296 

XV. 

9 = 

9.9 

Miles. 

Kilometres. 

Kilometres. 

Miles. 

1 = 

1.61 

1 = 

.62 

2 = 

3.22 

2 = 

1.24 

3 ; = 

4.83 

3 = 

1.86 

4 = 

6.44 

4 = 

2.48 

5 = 

8.05 

5 = 

3.10 

G = 

9.66 

6 = 

3.72 

7 = 

11.27 

7 = 

4.34 

8 = 

12.88 

8 = 

4.96 

9 - 

14.49 

9 = 

5.5$ 


XVI. 


Square 

Inches. 

1 = 

Square 

Centimetres. 

6.49 

Square 

Centimetres. 

1 = 

Square 

Inches. 

0.154 

2 = 

12.98 

2 

— 

0.30S 

3 = 

19.47 

3 

— 

0.462 

4 = 

25.96 

4 

— 

0.616 

5 = 

32.45 

5 

— 

0.170 

6 = 

38.94 

6 


0.924 

7 = 

45.43 

7 


1.078 

8 = 

51.92 

S 

= 

1.232 

9 = 

58.41 

9 

— 

1.386 


XVII. 



Sq. Feet. 

1 = 

Sq. Metres, 
.093 

Sq. Metres. 

Sq. Feet. 
10.7 

2 = 

.186 

2 

nr 

21.4 

3 = 

.279 

3 

m 

32.1 

4 = 

.372 

4 

— 

42.8 

o = 

.465 

5 

= 

53.5 

6 = 

.558 

6 

m 

64.2 

7 = 

.651 

7 

m 

74.9 

8 = 

.744 

8 

= 

85.6 

9 = 

.837 

9 


96.3 


XVIII. 



Sq. Yards. 

1 = 

Sq. Metres. 

0.836 

Sq. Metres. 

1 = 

Sq. Yards. 
1.196 

2 = 

1.672 

2 

= 

2.392 

3 = 

2.508 

3 

= 

3.588 

4 = 

3.344 

4 


4.784 

5 = 

4.180 

5 

— 

5.980 

6 = 

5.016 

6 

— 

7.176 

7 = 

5.852 

7 

— 

8.372 

8 = 

6.688 

8 

— 

9.568 

9 = 

7.524 

9 

—- 

10.764 


XIX. 



Acres. 

1 = 

Hectares. 

.4 

Hectares. 

1 = 

Acres. 

2.47 

2 = 

.8 

2 

m 

4.94 

3 = 

1.2 

3 

— 

7.41 

4 = 

1.6 

4 

nr 

9.88 

5 = 

2.0 

5 

m 

12.35 

6 = 

2.4 

6 

m 

14.82 

7 = 

2.8 

7 

m 

17.29 

8 = 

3.2 

8 

nr 

19.76 

9 = 

3.6 

9 

— 

22.23 


XX. 



Cub. Inches. 
1 = 

Cub. Centim. Litres, 
= 16.39 1 

Cub. Inches 
= 61. 

2 = 

= 32.78 

2 

— 

122. 

3 = 

= 49.17 

3 

■~■ 

183. 

4 = 

= 65.56 

4 

= 

244. 

5 = 

= 81.95 

5 

— 

305. 

6 = 

= 98.34 

6 


366. 

7 = 

= 114.73 

7 

—■ 

427. 

8 = 

= 131.12 

8 

— 

488. 

9 = 

= 147.51 

9 


549. 


WEIGHTS, MEASURES, COINS, ETC. 


Vll 


XXI. 


Cubic Feet. 

Litres. 

Hectolitres. ! 

Cubic Feet. 

1 = 

28.3 

1 = 

3.5 

2 = 

55.6 

2 = 

7.0 

o _ 

O - 

84.9 

3 = 

10.5 

4 = 

113.2 

4 = 

14.0 

5 = 

141.5 

5 = 

17.5 

G = 

169.8 

6 = 

21.0 

7 = 

198.1 

7 = 

24.5 

8 = 

226.4 

8 = 

28.0 

9 = 

254.7 

9 = 

31.5 


XXII. 


Yards. 

Cu. Metres. 

Cu. Metres. 

Cu, Yards, 

1 = 

.7645 

1 = 

1.3 

2 = 

1.529 

2 = 

2.6 

3 = 

2.2935 

3 = 

3.9 

4 = 

3.0580 

4 = 

5.2 

5 = 

3.8225 

5 = 

G.5 

6 = 

4.5870 

G = 

7.8 

7 = 

5.3515 

7 = 

9.1 

8 = 

6.1160 

8 = 

10.4 

9 = 

G.8805 

9 = 

11.7 


XXIII. 


Dollars. 

Francs. 

Francs. 

Dollars. 

1 — 

5.17 

1 = 

0.1934 

2 = 

10.34 

2 = 

0.386s 

3 - 

15.51 

3 = 

0.5792 

4 - 

20.68 

4 = 

0.7736 

5 = 

25.85 

5 = 

0.9670 

6 = 

31.02 

6 = 

1.1604 

7 = 

36.19 

7 = 

1.3538 

8 = 

41.36 

8 = 

1.5472 

9 — 

46.53 

9 = 

1.7406 


XXIV. 


Pounds. 

Francs, 

Francs, 

Pounds. 

1 = 

25 

1 = 

0.04 

2 = 

50 

2 = 

0.08 

3 = 

75 

3 = 

0.12 

4 - 

100 

4 = 

0.16 

5 = 

125 

5 = 

0.20 

6 = 

150 

6 = 

0.24 

7 = 

175 

7 = 

0.28 

8 = 

200 

8 = 

0.32 

9 = 

225 

9 = 

0.36 


XXV. 


Shillings. 

Francs. 

Francs. 

Shillings. 

1 = 

1.25 

1 = 

0.80 

2 = 

2.50 

2 = 

1.60 

3 = 

3.75 

3 = 

2.40 

4 = 

5.00 

4 = 

3.20 

5 = 

6.25 

5 = 

4.00 

G = 

7.50 

6 = 

4.80 

7 = 

8.75 

7 = 

5.60 

8 = 

10.00 

8 = 

6.40 

9 = 

11.25 

9 = 

7.20 


Pence. 

XXVI. 

Francs. Francs. 

Pence. 

1 

— 

0.104166 

1 = 

9.6006 

2 

= 

0.208333 

2 = 

19.2012 

o 

o 

_ 

0.312499 

3 = 

28.8018 

4 

— 

0.41G6GG 

4 = 

38.4024 

5 

— 

0.520833 

5 = 

48.0030 

6 

= 

0.624999 

6 = 

57.6036 

7 


0.72916G 

7 = 

67.2042 

8 

= 

0.832322 

8 = 

76.8048 

9 

= 

0.937499 

9 = 

86.4054 

Cent. 

1 

= 

XXVII. 

Fah. 

1.8 

Fah. 

1 = 

Cent. 

.555 

2 

— 

3.6 

2 = 

1.110 

3 

— 

5.4 

3 = 

1.665 

4 

— 

7.2 

4 = 

2.220 

5 

— 

9.0 

5 = 

2.775 

6 

— 

10.8 

6 = 

3.330 

7 

= 

12.6 

7 = 

3.885 

8 

— 

14.4 

8 = 

4.440 

9 

— 

16.2 

9 = 

4.995 


To change F. into C. tise the table and add 32. 
To change C. into F. subtract 32 and use the table. 
XXVIII. 


Inches Height. Pounds. 

Pounds. Inches Height, 


1 

= 0.491963 


1 

— 

2.032(57 


2 

= 0.983926 


2 

— 

4.06534 


3 

= 1.475889 


3 

— 

6.09801 


4 

= 1.967852 


4 

— 

8.13068 


5 

= 2.459815 


5 

= 

10.16335 


6 

= 2.951778 


6 

— 

12.19602 


7 

= 3.443741 


7 

— 

14.22869 


8 

= 3.935704 


8 

— 

16.26136 


9 

= 4.427667 


9 

* 

18.29403 



XXIX. 




Cent. Mercury. Pounds. 

Pounds. Cent. Mercury, 


1 

= 0.19371 


1 


5.16234 


2 

= 0.38742 


2 

= 

10.32468 


3 

= 0.58113 


3 

= 

15.48702 


4 

= 0.77484 


4 

— 

20.64936 


5 

= 0.96855 


5 

— 

25.81170 


6 

= 1.16226 


6 

— 

30.97404 


7 

= 1.35597 


7 

rr 

36.13638 

* 

8 

= 1.54968 


8 

— 

41.29872 


9 

= 1.74339 


9 

— 

46.46106 



XXX. 




Ht. Mercury. Ht. Water. 

Ht.Water. 

Ht. Mercury, 

1 c.m. = 

= 13.58* 

1 C.m 

. — 

0.074374 

2 

u 

= 27.16 

2 

u 

— 

0.148748 

3 

u 

= 40.74 

3 

u 

— 

0.223122 

4 

u 

= 54.32 

4 

u 

^ 1 

0.297496 

5 

u 

= 67.90 

5 

u 

— 

0.371870 

6 

u 

= 81.48 

6 

a 

— 

0.446244 

7 

a 

= 95.06 

7 

u 


0.520618 

8 

ll 

- 108.64 

8 

a 

— 

0.594992 

9 

u 

= 122.22 

9 

a 

= 

0.669366 


*Tlie density of mercury is taken at GO 0 








• ' ■ 













METALLURGICAL TABLES 


USED AT THE 


SCHOOL OF MINES, 

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, 

NEW YORK. 


ORES OF COPPER. 


Native Copper. 


Copper, 

Cu. 

1 


Oxydes. 


Red Copper, 

&u. 

1 

Cu, 

88.8 


o, 

11.2 


Melaconite, 

Cu. 

1? 

Cu, 

79.85 


0, 

20.15 


Carro-Carro, Mixture of Cu & Cu. 


Silicate and Oxychloride. 


Chrysocolla, 

Cu 3 Si 2 +6II. 


Cu, 

45.2 


Si, 

34.3 



20.5 


Atacamite, 

CuCl+3Cuft. 

3 

Cu, 

55.8 


CuCl,31.5 


ft, 

12.7 



Carbonates. 


Malachite, 

Cu 2 C+n 

4 

Cu, 

71.9 


c, 

19.9 


ft, 

8.2 



Azurite, 2CJuC+CuH 

Cu, 69.2 
C, 25.6 
II, 5.2 


Compounds with S, without As or 


Copper Glance, 

Cu, 79.8 

S, 

Chalcopyrite, 

S, 

Cu, 

Fe, 

Erubescite, 

S, 

Cu, 

Fe, 


20.2 

34.9 

34.6 

30.5 


23.7 
62.5 

13.8 


Cyanosite, 


CuS 


CuS+Fe 2 S 3 


2CuS+FeS 


0uS+5fi 


32.1 
Cu, 31.8 
Ef, 36.1 

Compounds with S, containing As, 
Sb, or both. 


Tetrahedrite, (Cu,Fe,Zn,As),S+ 

i(Sb,As)S 3 

Bournonite, (Cu,Pb)S+-|Sb 2 S 3 
Mansfield Slate, Mixture of pyrites 
and blende. 

Phosphates and Arseniates. 


1 



2 


TREATMENT OF NATIVE COPPER. 


lake superior. No. 5 .—Cost of the Treatment of the Slag. 


Ao. 1. Treatment. Picking of the scoriae.0.85 

1st, Fusion, fining, and refining in a re- Wood and charcoal . 1.30 

verberatory furnace. Anthracite.11.25 

2d, Fusion of the rich slags in a shaft Flux. 1.70 

furnace. Fuel and repairs to blast engine .. 1.25 

3d, Refining the copper from the shaft Labor at furnace during year. 3.75 

furnace in a reverberatory fur- Repairs to cupola.. 0.35 

nace. - 

- 20.45f. 


No. 2 .—Dimensions of the Reverberatory 
Furnace. 


Fireplace .1.30 x 1.00 

Height of bridge above grate.1.00 

u from grate to roof.1.50 

u of ash-pit .... .1.50 

Width of bridge at fireplace.1.30 

u hearth.2.00 

Depth of bridge.0.60 

Height from bridge to roof.0.45 

Length of hearth..4.20 

Width “ 3.00 


Gr’test depth of hearth below bridge.0.35 

Thickness of hearth.1.00 to 0.60 

“ arch supporting hearth,0.50 

Opening in the roof.1.0 x 1.0 

Inclination of hearth.4° to 5° 

Flues.0.35 to 0.37 

Height of chimney.18.0 

Section of “ at base .. 0.70 x 0.70 

“ “ “ “ top .. .0.62 x 0.62 

Charge.5000k. to 5500k. 

Time to fusion.12 to 15 hours. 

Number of operations per week. .6 to 7 


No. 3 .—Details of the Fusion. 

The following is the result at the Por¬ 
tage Works for 1859 and 1860 : 


13.605k. of coal at 17.22.258.30 

Charcoal. 10.50 

16 men at 7.95 .127.50 

Repairs to furnaces and tools. . . . 12.25 

408.55f. 

First fusion yields.6639.24k. 

A ton costs.64.40f. 


No. 4. —Details of the Shaft Furnace. 
Diameter of the tuyeres.0.035 


Pressure of blast...0.09 of Hg. 


No. 6 .—First Fusion. 

In reverberatory furnace.10884k. 

Fusion of scoriae in shaft furnace, 4244.76 
Second fusion in reverberatory 

furnace. .424.47 

The yields corresponding to these arc 
as follow's: 

Yield. Weight. Cost per ton, 

61 $... .6639 24.408.25 

10$.... 424.47. 95.74 

8$.... 339.57. 16.84 

520.83f. 1 

By ton of weight, 74.66f. 


No. 7 .—Dimensions of cupola in Native 
Copper Works; when anthracite is 
substituted by wood. 

Fire-place.1.55 x 1.00 

Grate below bridge.1.30 

Section of lower part of chimney. 

1.55x1.30 

“ upper “ “ 1.50x0.90 

Height of chimney.5.00 


FRANCE. 

No. 1.— Composition of u Carro- Carr of 

Cu.70.78 

Cu. 6.90 

Fe. 0.50 

Sand.21.62 


99-80 


No. 2 .—Dimensions of the furnaces and 
elements of the charge in “ Carro- 
Carro WorksT 


Fire-place.1.0 x 1.0 

Major axis of hearth.. .2.27 

Minor “ “ .1.27 
























































O C'< ^ W b5 H 


3 


Width of bridge.... 

.0.87 

Section of chimney.. 

..0.80 x 0.80 

No. 3.— A charge 

is made up of 

Tons. 

“ Carro-Carro ”. 

.1.400 

Scoriae . 

.0.100 

Slaked Lime. 

.0.120 

No. 4.— Details for 1856. 

In furnace No. II. 

In 21 days. 

Tons. 

Carro-Carro reduced. 

......31.217 

Copper produced, 

24.055=77.06$ 

Coal consumed. 

.7.420 

In furnace No. III. 

In 27 days. 

Tom. 

Carro-Carro reduced 

.55.867 

Copper produced,. . .. 

. .43.720=77.44$ 

Coal consumed. ... 

.10.962 


No. 5.— Slags. 

The slags from fining and refining 
contain 15 to 18$ of Cu. They are re¬ 
fused in a cupola, with 12$ of marl. 
6,000t. to 7,OOOt. of slags are smelted 
in 24h. The following gives average 
composition of these slags for the 
years. 



1855. 

1856. 

1857. 

Si. 

.53.00 

55.82 

53.06 

Al. 


7.20 

9.40 

Ca. 

.16.85 

29.12 

30.60 

Mg ... . 

. 0.10 

0.06 

0.10 

Fe. 

.14.00 

7.00 

5.58 

Cu. 

. 0.55 

0.80 

1.26 


100.00 

109.00 

100.00 




TREATMENT OF SULPHURETS OF COPPER. 
PURE ORES. 

I. GERMAN OR SWEDISH METHOD. 

II. ENGLISH METHOD. 


SWEDISH METHOD. 

No. 1.— Treatment. 

. Roasting sulphurets. 

. Fusion for bronze mattes. 

. Roasting bronze mattes. 

. Fusion for black copper. 

. Fining. 

. Refining. 

(1.) ROASTING. 

No. 2.— Roasting Rile. 

At Atoida. 

Size of the pile, 6m. x 6m. 
Height of the pile, 2.50 to 3. 

In Norway. 

Length of the pile, 20m. 

Width “ 6 to 7 ™ 


No. 3.— Arrangement of Pile. 


1st bed of fuel (wood). 0.30 

2d u u (charcoal). 0.10 

1st u ore. 0.60 

3d “ fuel. 0.30 

2d “ ore. 0.40 

4th “ fuel. 0.30 

3d u ore. 0.40 

Covering of fine ore. 0.10 


2.50 


No. 4.— Cost of Roasting in Piles. 

At Fahlun, 0.260st. or 87k. of wood per 
lk. of ore. 

At Atoida, 0.240k. and 30st. of charcoal 
or 80k. of wood per lk. of ore. 

Cost of roasting one ton. 

0.25 st. of wood at 1. =0.25 
0.4 day at 1.1=0.44 

0.69 





































4 


No. 5.— Ore Roasted in Pits. 
0.29st. or 97k. of wood per the ton of ore. 


No. 6.— Cost of Roasting at Romas , in 
1851. 


Ore roasted.20954.24t. 

Wt. of ore after roasting.19009.20t. 

Wood used. 312.80st. 

Labor. 943.22 

Per ton of ore. 

Wood, 0.149 at 0.93.0.139 

Labor.0.450 


0.589 


(2.) FUSION FOR BRONZE MATTES. 

No. 1 .—Fusion Furnace at Roraas. 


Height. 4.70 

Width in direction of the blast. .. .70 

u perpendicular to “ ... .60 

Greatest width.80 

Distance between the tuyeres.31 

Tuyeres above the bottom.94 

Nose.0.15 to 0.22 


No. 2.— Fusion Furnace , 1848. 

Height. 5.34 

Width of hearth. 1.08 

Depth of “ 1.58 

Width at tuyeres. 1.13 

u at 2.37 from hearth.. 1.19 

u at throat. 1.04 

Depth at tympe to 1.63 above.. . 0.79 

Depth at throat. 0.55 

No. of tuyeres. 3 

Height of tuyeres above hearth.. 1.19 

“ “ above tympe.. . 0.45 

Diameter of tuyeres. 0.18 


No. 3.— Fusion Furnace , 1861. 

Height. 7.12 

Prom hearth to bosh. 2.97 

“ “ to tuyeres. 1.19 

u to tympe. 0.74 

Width at the bottom of hearth.. . 1.08 

u u tuyeres.. 1.19 

u 2.37 above hearth. 1.78 

Depth at hearth. 1.63 

u tympe.0.74 

“ 2.37 from the hearth. 0.74 

u at throat. 0.52 


No. 4 .—Price of Labor. 

Founder is paid 1.82f. per 12 hrs. 
Charger u 1.26 u 11 
If in 12 posts they do not melt 
573 m. q., they are fined. 


No. 5 .—Limits of Richness of the Mattes. 

Cu 

8. to 20.0 

Fe 

S 

50. “ 62.0 

24. “ 26.0 

Zn 

1. “ 3.0 

Pb 

0. “ 0.5 

No. 6 .—General Composition of the 


Mattes. 

Cu 

14 to 19 

Fe 

58 “ 57 

S 

28 “ 24 

No. 7.— General Composition of the 


Slags. 

Si 

38 to 49 ’ 

Fe 

37 “ 54 

Bases 

12 “ 14 

No. 8.- 

— Charge used. 

Charcoal 

.Slc.m. 

Ore 

.42 c.m. 2.62m.q. 

Scoriae 

.10 

No. 9 .—Fuel used. 

1st post, 
2d ‘‘ 

6,29c.m. 

7.99 

3d “ 

8.5 

4th “ 

7.65 

5th “ 

8.67 

6th “ 

8.84 

7th “ 

8.5 

8 th “ 

8.9 

9th 

9.08 

10 th “ 

8.67 

11 th “ 

9.88 

12th “ 

8.91 

13th “ 

0.51 

No. 10— Crystallized Slagsfrom Sweden. 

Oxygen. 

Si 44.9 23.3 

Fe 

48.7 —13.9 ) 

XI 

1.60— 7.5 [ 22.9 

Mg 

3.7 — 1.5 ) 

. !■ 


98.9 


* 

















































Si 

47.1 


24.4 

Fe 

37.7- 

-10.8 s 


Mn 

2.3- 

- 0.5 / 

16.3 

£1 

5.7- 

- 2.7 ( 

Mg 

O 

5.7— 

- 2.3 l 



98.5 


1 ).—At Fahlun. 

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 

Quartzose ore 3$ 44 14 

Roasted do. 2G 76 

Scoriae from blk.Cu.30 10 


54 

39 

7 


c .—In Prismatic furnaces. 


No. 11.— Compact Slag from Sweden. 

Oxygen. 
19.7 

18.2 


Si 

38.0 


Fe 

54.7- 

-15.6 

£1 

0.8- 

- 0.4 

Mg 

5.4_ 2.1 

Ca 

0.7- 

- 0.1 


No. 1. G.350t. smelted in 24 hours. 

338k. of fuel for 1 ton. 
No. 2. 9.250t. smelted in 24 hours. 

175k. of fuel for 1 ton. 


No. 12.— Scoria from the Front Hearth. 


Scoria. 


d .—In Furnace narrowed at the top. 

No. 3. G.500t. smelted in 24 hours. 

249k. of fuel for 1 ton. 
Matte yields 14$ of copper 7 and is 
17$ of the charge. 


Matte. 


w* 

f bl 

19.5 

e .— At Atoida. 


| Fe 

51.8 

Furnace, 2.50 to 3.90 hi 

gh. 

< fe 

4.8 

Quartzose ore 5$. 

30 

| Ca 

5.3 

Roasted do. 

70 

| £1 

2.6 

Scoriae of blk. Cu .... 

8 to 10 

t CuS 

0.8 

Quantity melted. 

4t. 

1 ZnS 

1.5 

Fuel used.290k. 

( FeS 

11.3 

/.—1844 to 1848. 



97.6 

Furnaces, 6 to 7m 

. high. 


No. 13.— Composition of Loupe. 


Quartzose ore. 13k. 

Roasted do. 

Rich roasted scoriae. 


27 

40 


Debris of furnaces.... 10 


Fe 

Cu 

Co 

S 


Ca 

Mg 

Mn 


80.5 
2.5 
0.3 

1.4 

8.3 

1.1 

1.5 
3.0 

98.6 


Scoriae of blk. Cu, 


Loupe. 


10 


100 


Scoria. 


No. 14.— a.—Examples of Charges. 

At the Graefenberg Works. 

, Ore yielding 3$. 68 

\ Forge scoriae & scoriae from 
Charge j b blkCu . 13 

^ Limestone. 19 


Quantity smelted.8t. to lOt. 

Fuel used.236k. 

Matte 18$ of the weight of the ore 
and contains 20 to 21$ Cu. 

g .—At Roraas, 1851. 

Ore 5$.'.262 

Scoriae of blk. Cu.120 

Quantity of fuel.50 to 76 

4 smelted. 9t. 4 lOt. 

Matte 30$ of charge. 


No. 15.— Cost at Roraas, 1851. 

300k. of fuel, 33f.. 9.90 

0.6 days at 1.45.87 

0.9 “ 1.12.0.34 


100 


il.llf. 



































G 


No. 16.— Quantity Smelted at Roraas 
in 1851. 


Quantity of raw ore. 

. 21672.76t. 

Weight of the matte 

. 6580.80k. 

Quantity of fuel. 

. 4345.20c.m. 

Labor. 

3584.88 

(3.) ROASTING TIIE BRONZE MATTE. 

1. —Dimensions of 
Roraas . 

the Stalls at 

Number of stalls .. . . 

.48 

Width. 

. 1.25 

Length . 

. 2.17 

Height. 

. 1.50 

Thickness of wall between stalls 0.60 


No. 2 .—Fires Required for Roasting 
Mattes. 

40 to 50$ of Cu. require 15 to 20 fires. 

5 “ 10 “ 11 4 to 5 u 

At Roraas 15 to 20$ of Cu. require 7 fires. 
“ Atoida 18 “ “ G “ 

u Fahlun 4 to 9 “ u 4 “ 


No. 3 .—Time for Roasting. 

At Roraas 7 fires last 20 days. 

“ Atoida 7 fires last 30 “ 

11 Fahlun 7 fires last 40 to 50 11 


No. 4.— Cost of Roasting at Atoida. 

1.5st. of wood at 1.0. 1.50 

100 of charcoal at 2.10. 2.10 

Labor at 1.70 to 1.10. 1.87 


5.47f. 

It. ore gives 180k. of matte. 


Cost of the ore per ton is. 0.985 


No. 5 .—Cost of Roasting at Roraas. 

1.30 of wood at 1.00. 1.30 

Labor, 3.40 at 1.10. 3.74 


(4.) FUSION FOR BLACK COPrER. 

No. 1 .—Details of Shaft Furnace at 
Atoida. 


Height 

Diam. in direction of blast at bosh 
Diam. perpendicular to u “ 

Height of bosh above hearth, 

Diam. in direction of blast at tympe 
Diam. perpendicular to u 11 

Diam. perpend, to blast at tuyeres, 
Diam. in direction of “ “ 

Width of hearth, 

Depth of hearth, 0.20 to 

Number of tuyeres, 

Tuyeres above hearth, 

Width of furnace at tuyeres, 60 


4.20 
2.00 
3.00 

1.20 
0.75 
1.60 
0.60 
0.60 
1.50 
0.25 

2 

0.45 
x 60 


No. 2 —Furnaces in 1857. 


Height, 


5.05 

Height of tuyeres, 

0.60 

Size of hearth at bottom, 

0.70x0.60 

a u 

tuyeres, 

0.84 x 0.74 

11 at 1.78 above heart!: 

i, 1.34x0.74 

“ at throat, 


0.74x0.44 

No. 3 —General Composition of Matte. 

Cu 

55. 

to 65.7$ 

Fe 

15. 

“ 20. 

Zn 

0.1 

“ 0.5 

S 

24. 

“ 24.5 

No. 4.— 

-Matte at Fahlun. 

Cu 


57.5 

Fe 


17.1 

Zn . 


00.7 

S 


24.1 



99.4 


5.04f. 

Cost per ton of ore. 1.51 


No. 6 .—At Roraas in 1856. 
Quantity of matte roasted, 6580.80 
Weight of roasted ore, 6281. 

Wood consumed, 809.44 st. 

Wood at 6.93. 1.016 

Labor. 3.486 


No. 5— Composition of Scoria at Fahlun. 


Si 

Fe 

Ca 

Mg 

*1 

Cu 


27.4 
64.81 
0.5 | 
2.3 J. 
3.5 | 
1.0 I 


Oxygen. 

14. 


17.3 


32.8 
62.5 ] 
0.1 j 
1.6 
0.3 
Trace. 




Oxygen. 

17. 


15.9 


4.502f. 99.5 


97.3 

































7 


No. 6.— 

Composition of Loupe. 


Fe 

65. 


40. 

Cu 

30. 


50. 

Zn 

1. 


00.1 

S 

2. 


7. 

Scoria 

1. 


00.2 


99 


97.3 

No. 7, 

• 

— Charge at Ror 

aas. 


Charcoal ... 


. 0.510c.m. 

Roasted mattes. 

.1.59. 

mq. 

Quartz. 


. 0.16m.q. 


(5.) FINING THE BLACK COPPER. 

No. 1 .—Dimensions of Fining Furnace. 
Charge, 3G0k. 

Diameter, 0.60m. to 0.68m. 

Depth, 0.20m. 11 0.30m. 

Angle of the tuyere, 10° “ 20° 

Eye of do. 0.025m.“ 0.04m. 

Charge, 1200k. to 1400k. 

Major axis 0.90m. 

Minor axis, 0.80m. 

Depth, 0.45m. 

Angle of tuyere, 30° to 40° 

Eye of do. .05m. to ,06m. 

Time of operation, 8hrs. to 9hrs. 


No. 8 .— Charge at Atoicla in 1848. 


Poor roasted mattes.84 

Rich “ “ .16 

Scoriae, 1st fusion. 

Crasses and debris. 

Quartz and feldspar. 


100 

8 

8 

2 to 4 


No. 9.— Details of Working. 

At Atoida. 

Furnace 4 to 5m. high. 

Amount of matte smelted in 24h. 5t. 


Blk Cu. obtained.1 to 1.5t. 

Rich matte “ .250 to 300k. 

Fuel consumed per ton of matte. 480k. 

At Roraas. 

Matte. 100k. 

Quartz.. 10k. 


Amount of matte roasted. - 5t. 

Blk. Cu. obtained. 0.900t. 

Fuel for It. of matte. 0.487 


No. 10.— Cost at Roraas in 1851. 


Fuel, 4.87 at 3.30. 16.071 

Labor, 2d. at 1.45. 2.90 

Special labor . 0.840 


19.811f. 

1 ton of ore gives 300k. of matte. • 
Cost per ton. 5.94f. 

Quantity of matte roasted_6580.80t. 

Refining crasses.... . 256.10 

Blk. Cu. obtained.1313.76 

Charcoal consumed.2142.c.m. 


No. 2.— Fining at Atoida. 

Amount treated.950k. 

Length operation. . 7h. to 8h. 

Loss.12^ to 13$ 

Charcoal, 0.530 at 33f. 17.49 

Labor, 3d. at 1.50. 4.50 


- 21.99 

No. 3 .—At Roraas. 

Charge.360k. 

Length operation. . 3|k. to 4h. 

Loss. 20</ o 

Charcoal, 0.750 at 33. 24.75 

Labor by contract. 6.50 


- 31.25 

No. 4 .—At Roraas in 1851. 

Quantity treated.1313.76 

Weight fined copper. .. .1058.13 
Yield, leaving out crasses. 80.4^ 

Yield, with the crasses.. 86.09^ 

Fuel consumed. 640.56c.m. 

No. 5 .—Resume at Roraas , 1851. 

Charcoal in all operations. 1277.78st. 
Quantity as per inventory, 

showing a loss of 16^.8568.00c.m. 


Value of wood &l charcoal.. . .43166.39 

Transportation to works. 1779.07 

Sundries paid at the works.. .14628.41 

Materials. 228.05 

Labor.26283.88 

Expense of construction. 3458.80 

Central office expenses. 863.19 

Value of ore.56298.24 

Administration.16122.72 


162828.76f. 

Or by m.q. of fined Cu. 153.885 



























































8 


(6.) REFINING THE ROSETTE COPPER. 


No. 1.— Furnace. 


Diameter of the throat.. 
Depth “ “ 

Charge. 


0.50 to 0.60 
0.25 to 0.35 
200t. to 300t. 


3 operations a yr. can be counted on, so 
that each space roasts 150t. 

67 spaces are required. 

Space required for roasting 10,000t. 

67 x 100=6,700s.m. 
Space required for the ore, 5,000s.m. 


No. 2 .—Details at Atoida. 


Duel consumed, 750k. at 35. 24.75 

Labor, 2d. at 1.50. 3.00 


Total cost of refining,.27.75f. 


. (7.) EXPENSE OF SWEDISH METHOD. 

No. 1 .—At Atoida. 

Wood. Charcoal. Labor. 


Roasting, 

0.24 

50 

0.40 

Fusion for matte, 
Roasting matte, 


350 

1.00 

0.27 

336 

0.30 

Fusion for blk. Cu. 


118 

0.50 

Fining, 


42 

0.12 


0.51k. 596k. 2.32d. 


No. 2 .—At Roraas. 

Wood. Charcoal. Labor. 


Roasting, 0.21 0.40 

Fusion for matte, 360 0.00 

Roasting matte, 0.39 1.00 

Fining for blk. Cu. ' 178 0.60 

Fining, 54 0.20 


0.60k. 592k. 3.10d. 

No. 3.— Cost per Ton of Ore. 


Wood and charcoal. 20.02 

Transportation of ore.. 0.82 

Labor, &c. 9.70 


Total.30.54 

Construction. 1.70 

Superintendence. 6.75 

General expenses. 7.84 

Cost of ore. 26.00 


72.83f. 


WORKS FOR TREATING 10,000t. OF ORE. 
No. 1.— Ore and Roasting Heaps. 
50t. can be worked on a space 6 x 6=36 
Space required for circulation, 64 

lOOs.m. 


No. 2 .—Fusion for Bronze Matte. 

Each furnace smelts lOt. in 24h. 

in 250d, 2500t. 

No. of furnaces required. 4 

No. 3 .—Fusion for Black Copper. 

There are to be treated bronze mattelSOOt 
Rich slags from blk. Cu. 200 


2000 

Each furnace smelts 4t. in 24h. and 
works 250d. 

No. of furnaces required. 2 

No. 4 .—Fining and Refining Furnaces. 

The matte yields 20$ 

Blk. Cu. obtained . 400k. 

In 7 to 8h. 950k. of blk. Cu. are fined. 
No. of furnaces required. 1 


No. 5.— Blast. 

Furnace for mattes 12c.m. 

per minute, 12 x 4=48s.m. 

Furnace for Blk. Cu. 8c.m. 

per minute, 8 x 2=16s.m. 

Fusion furnace 8c.m. per 

minute, 8x1= 8s.m. 


On account of loss, say, 80s.m. 

Horse power required, 5 to 6 

No. 6.— Stalls. 

Each stall roasts 20t.a year. 

No. required for 2000k. of matte, 100, 

say 120 

Under 6 sheds 20 x 10, 1200s.m. 

Double space for circulation, 2400s.m. 

No. 7.— Charcoal Sheds. 

8 charcoal sheds, 10 x 50 or 4000s.m. 
Double space for circulation, 8000s.ni. 

No. 8.— Works. 

Works require a building 50 x 12 
Double space for circulation, 1200s.m. 










































9 


No. 9 .—Total Space Required. 

Ore heaps. 5000s.m. 

Roasting heaps.!.. 6700 

Roasting stalls. 2400 

Charcoal sheds. 8000 

Works. 1200 

Scoria heaps fr. 30 to 40 yrs., 30,000 

53,300 

Or, 5 to 6 Hectares. 

TREATMENT AT BOSTON WORKS. 

1854. 

_ • 

No. 1 .—Expenses to Roast It. of Ore. 


Wood, 0.0768c.m.0.265 

Labor, 0.15d.0.800 


- 1.065f. 

No. 2 .—Dimensions of Shaft Furnace. 

Section at tuyeres.0.78x0.62 

Height .. 2.75 to 3 

Tuyere to throat. 1.40 

Opening for charging. 1.00 

Breast below front hearth.. .15 

Depth ofhearth below breast .20 

Front hearth extends.15 

Depth of 11 below tuyeres. .35 

Diameter of tuyeres.03 to .05 

Thickness of fire-brick.35 

u of breast.:. 1 brick. 

u of common brick .45 
Space between common & 

refractory brick...... .04 to .05 


No. 5 .—Deta ils for Campaign c/15 days. 


Ore treated, 90 tons. 

Lighting furnaces. 30^ 

Anthracite, 16t. at 42..672.. 

Brasque for reception basins.... 60., 

1 founder, 60d. at 7.420. 

1 assistant, 5d. “ 5.25 .. 26.25 

Repairs..60.75 


Cost of treating 90t. 1269f. 


Cost for It...14.10f. 

Mattes produced (of 45$Cu) 25t. 

Blk. Cm “ (of 85$Cu) 5. 


No. 6 ;— Costs for Roasting in Stalls. 
Wood for lighting, 0.192c.m,... 3.312 


Labor, 2.25d at 5.25.11.800 

Charcoal for lighting. 0.500 


Cost of 5t. of mattes.15.612 

“ It. “ . 3.122 


For It. of Ore. 


Wood, 0.052c.m.0.183 

Labor, 0.125d.0.656 


0.839f. 


No. 7.—Fusion for Bile. Cu. 

Length of campaign, .12 to 15d. 
Quantity treated in 24hrs., 8 to 9t. 


No. 3.— Composition of Brasque oj 
Hearth , (Shaft Furnace.) 

6 clay, 

18 coke dust, ( or 24 co p- e q us t alone. 

6 charcoal, \ 

No. 4.— Charge of Furnace. 

Roasted ores, 18 to 20$Cu. 1000 

Oxydes not roasted.. 33 

Debris of furnaces, and clay from 

bottom of roasting heaps. 50 

Scoriae from blk. Cu. 330 

Oyster shells... 100 

1513 

Proportion of mattes, 56$ 

Yield “ 34 to 45$ 

Fuel for It. of ore, 194k. 

Average campaign is 15 days. 


No. 8 .— Charge. 


Roasted mattes. 1000- 

Oxydes of Cu. 140 

Rich roasted mattes. 6 Q 


1200 

Rich scoria. 80 

Silicious u . 450 

Debris of furnaces. 50 


No. 9 .—Quantity Treated. 

Length of campaign. 15d. 

Mattes treated.180t. 

Rich ores. 13 

Scoria. 85 


In 2 furnaces. 278b 


t 

























































10 


No. 10.— Cost of Fusion. 

Charcoal for 2 furn., 11. at 50.50 

Anthracite, 30t. “ 42... 1260 

Founders, 120d “ 7.... 840 

Common labor 30d. “ 5.25.157.50 

Repairs .121.50 


Cost of 278t. in 2 furnaces... .2429.00 


No. 11.— Amount of Mattes Produced. 
Mattes contain 50$Cu. 

13t. of ore of 20$, 13 x .20-f-50= 5.2 
851. of scoria of 10$ 85 x .10-^-50=17. 
278t. of matte. 180. 


Mattes produced. 202.2t. 


No. 12.— Expense for It. of Matte. 
Charcoal, 0.004t at 50.. 0.200 

Anthracite, 0.148 “ 42.. 0.222 

Fouuders 0.59d. “ 7.. 4.130 

Common labor, 0.15d. “ 5.25.. 0.790 

Repairs. 600 


For It. of matte.11.942 


No. 13.— Expense for 1 1. of Ore. 
Anthracite, 0.045 at 42.... 1.890 

Charcoal, 0.001 “ 50....0.050 

Common labor, 0.045d “ 5.25.... 0.236 

Founders, 0.182d “ 7.1.274 

Repairs.0.200 


3.650 


No. 14.— Cost for It. of Ore , Converted 
into Bib. Cu. 


Wood, 0.052t at 3.45 .... 0.448 

■Charcoal, 0.0065t “ 50.... 0.325 

Anthracite, 0.222t “ 42.... 9.324 


Labor. 

1st roasting, 0.15 
1 st fusion, 0.72 1 999 , 

2d roasting, 0.125 f ' ' 

2 d fusion, 0.227 J 

Repairs. 


7.693 


0.871 


No. 15.— Fining of Bile. Cu. 
Dimensions of Furnace. 


Length of hearth. .3.50m. 

Width “ . 2.50 

Length of fireplace. 1.37 

Width “ . L32 


No. 16.— Cost of Fining. 

Labor, 14d. at 7. 98.00 

Coal, 7t. at 42.50. 297.50 

Wood & charcoal, 0.185t.. .... 34.00 

Lead (for Sb.) 0.160t at 5.50.. . 88.00 

Repairs. 14.00 


Cost of 2 furnaces, Id. 531.50 


No. 17.— Expenses for Refining It. of 
Bile. Cu. 

Labor, 0.875d. 6.125 


Coal, 0.437t.19.080 

Wood & charcoal, 0.053t. 2.122 

Pb, O.OlOt. 5.500 

Repairs,... 0.875 


Cost of It. of merchant. Cu... .33.702 
Cost by ton of ore. 4.776 


No. 18.— Treatment of It. of Ore. 


Treatment. 18.660 

Fining. 4.776 


Special expenses. 23.436 

General “ . 20.000 


Cost of treatment of It. of ore. 43.436f. 
Price of ore is voidable. 


Ores yield 20$ of Cu. 

Value of Cu. per ton. 2500f. 

It. ore yields 2500x20$. 500 


t 


Cost of bile. Cu. for It, of ore.. . 18.660 















































11 


IMPURE ORES. 


WORKS AT ALTENAU AND LAUTBNTHAL IN 
TIEE HARTZ MOUNTAINS. 

No. 1 .—Roasting Ores as Sweden. 
Ores contain 17 to 18$ of Cu. 

Piles contain 50 to lOOt. 

Fuel used per ton of ore, 0.26st. 

Time, 3 months. 


No. 2 .—Fusion for Mattes in a Shaft 


Furnace. 

Charge. 

Roasted ores . lOOOt. 

Scoria of fusion for concentra¬ 
tion and blk. Cu. . . 950k. 

Quantity fused in 24hrs. 3 to 3£t. 

Fuel (gas coke) for It. of ore. 501k. 
Mattes 30 to 35$. G75k. 


No. 3 .—Roasting in Stalls. 

Number of fires. 3 

For ton of matte, wood. 0.250st. 

Labor. 0.12d. 


No. 4 .—Fusion for Concentration. 
Charge. 

Roasted matte. 1000k. 

Scoria. 828 

Quantity smelted in 24 hrs. 4t. 

Labor for 1 ton of matte.. . Id. 

Charcoal. 690k. 


Product for It. of roasted matte, 736k. 
at 40 to 45$ and Scorias containing 
1|$ of Cu. which are used in No. 2. 


No. 5 .—Roasting in 5 or 6 Fires. 


No. 6 .—Fusion for Blk.Cu. and Thin 


Mattes. 

2 d mattes roasted. 1000 

Scoria of fusion No. 2. 945 

Per ton of concentrated matte. 

1st Blk. Cu. (very impure.)..... 128 

1 st thin matte, 65$ of Cu. 450 

Scoria 1.5$ Cu. 1377 

Charcoal. 660k. 

Labor. 1.18cl 


No. 7 .—Roasting 1st Thin Mattes. 


For It. of thin mattes. 

Number of fires. 7 to 8. 

Wood. 0.60st. 

Labor. 0.27 d. 


No. 8.— 2d Fusion for Blk. Cu. and 
Thin Mattes. 

2d Blk. Cu. 327k. 

2d thin mattes 69$ Cu. 400k. 

Scoria with 3$ Cu. 1200k. 

Fuel. 655k. 

Labor. 0.93d. 


No. 9 .—Roasting 2d Thin Mattes. 

Number of fires. 9 

For ton of mattes, wood.1.6st. 

For ton of mattes, labor.0.50 


No. 10.—3 d Fusion for Black Copper 
and Thin Mattes. 

3d mattes with 73$ of Cu.. 265 

3d blk. Cu ... .. 547 

Scoria with 3$ of Cu.1100 to 1200 

Charcoal. 862k. 

Labor. Id. 


No. 11 .—Purification of the Blk. Cu. 
The 497 ofmattes give impure blk. Cu. 64. 


For It. of blk. Cu. 

Wood.•. 4st. 

Charcoal. 37k. 

Labor. 3.50d. 

Yield of the fusion. 

Copper. 880k. 

Scoria of 4$. 130k. 


No. 12 .—Fining in Low Hearth. 

Charge... 2t. 

By ton of blk. Cu. 

Charcoal. 1.016k. 

Labor. 3.17d. 

Rosette copper. 890k. 

Scoria 22 to 30$ of Pb. Sc 12 

to 14$ of Cu. 220k. 


No, 13.— Refining. 


1 





















































12 


No. 14.— Total Expense. 





Weight. Coke. 

Wood. 

Charcoal. 

Labor. 

1 . 

Roasting. 


1000 

0.020 


0.15 

2 . 

1 st fusion for mattes. 


1000 501k. 


12 t. 

1.67 

O 

o. 

Roasting mattes.. 


075 

0.170 


0.08 

4. 

Fusion for concentration ... 


075 


40G 

0.67 

0 . 

Roasting of Ho. 4. 


497 

0.250 


0.10 

0 . 

1 st Fusion for blk. Cu thin mattes. . 

497 


330 

0.59 

h* 

i. 

Roasting 1st thin matte.. .. 


224 

0.134 


0.062 

8 . 

2 d fusion for blk. Cu. & thin mattes. 

224 


147 

0.210 

9. 

Roasting the 2d thin matte. 


90 

0.114 


0.045 

10 . 

3d fusion for blk. Cu. & thin mattes. 

90 


78 

0.090 

11 . 

Purification of blk. Cu... . 


04 

0.250 

2 

0.224 

12 . 

Fining. 







Blk. Cu. from Ho. 1. 

.501 






2 d blk. Cu. . 

fid “ . 

.51 [ 
.49 j 

175 


177 

0.554 


Blk f!n fnr* 30 mattes 

19 






Rosette Cu. produced 155k. 


501k. 

0.980st. 

1 .212k. 

4.443d. 


TREATMENT AT MANSFELD. 

Treatment. 

Quartzose ore at Sangerhausen. 
Schistose ore at Mansfeld and Eisleben. 
Ores with Blende and Gralena at Kupfer- 
kammerhiitte. 


Treatment at Sangerhausen. 
No. 1 .—Boasting in 1850. 


Height of the pile. 2.30m. 

Length variable. 

Quantity of ore treated. 24001. 

“ calcined in 10 weeks.. 150t. 
Labor required for treatment.. 2904d. 
Length of campaign. 290d. 


No. 4 .—Quantity Treated in 24 h. 
Charge containing 8.25t. of ore. 14t. 
Fuel used. 2.90 

For 1 Ton of Ore. 

Labor, 1.21d. at 0.20. 2.42 

Charcoal, 0.35t. at 41.00.14.50 

Finer, 0.35t. at 4.10. 4.93 

Blast and repairs. 0.41 

22.33 

Fuel l charcoal & § coke. 

Pressure ofthe blast, 0.03m. to 0.04m. Fig 
Heat “ “ 170° to 180° 

No. 5 .—Labor Required. 

At the throat, 1 laborer and 1 aid. 

bottom, 1 founder & 1 laborer. 

Treatment at Mansfeld and Eisleben. 
No. 0 .—Fusion for Matte in a Shaft 


Furnace. 

Charge. 

Roasted ore.. 80.00 

Fluor. 0.00 

Scoria. 0.08 


100.00 

In 24 hours. 

Charge containing 12 t. of ore. 14t. 


Yield of the matte, 11 <f 0 of ore. 

Matte contains 45$ of Cu. & 300g. Ag. 

per 100 k. 


No. 2 .— Cost of 9 Piles, in 1850. 


Wood .*. 9.GOt. 

Labor by ton,. 4.80d. 

Labor 0.17 at 0.20. 0.17 

Wood 0.004t. at 15. 0.0 0 


Cost of calcining It.. 0 . 23f. 


No. 3 .—Fusion for Mattes. 
Charge. 

Quartzose ores not roasted.33.34 


Calcareous u 11 . 8.33 

Roasted Schistose ores. 58.33 

Scoria. 31.33 

Fluor. 38.38 

















































1 f> 
1 o 


No. 7 .—Expenses of Operations. 


Charcoal, 0.07 at 41.60. 2.912 

Coke, 0.11 at 58. 6.380 

Labor, 0.833 at 2.1.666 

Fluor, 0.075 at 14.10. 1.050 

Repairs. 0.292 


12.300 


Treatment at Kupferhammerliiitte. 
No. 8 .—Fusion for Mattes. 
Charge, 

Roasted ores, from 100k. of ore. 86.66 


Fluor,. 4.60 

Scoria,... 8.74 


100.00 

Ores treated in 24h. 9.60t. 

Labor, 0.04 . 2.02 

Coke, 0.12 at 58. 6.96 

Fluor, 0.046 “ 14.10. 0.648 

Repairs. 0.362 


10.05 

From 7,640t. of ore, 860t. of matte or 
Ilf, obtained. 


No. 9 .—Boasting Stalls. 


Height. 2m. 

Width. 2m. 

Depth. 2.50 

Time for 1st fire. 12d. 

“ for 2d fire.12 to 15d. 


No. 10 .—Fusion for Mattes. 

Length of campaign, 2.5 months. 

Amount of ore treated, 7000t. 

Matte obtained in 2 campaigns, 860t. 


No. 11 .—Roasting It. of Matte. 

Charcoal, 0.016 at 41.60.0.665 

Wood and brush, 0.05 at 15.5...0.775 
Labor...0.56 


2.00 

By Ton of Ore. 

Charcoal, 0.0017. 0.070 

Wood and brush, 0.0053. 0.082 

Labor, 0.03 0.060 

0.212 


No. 12. — Cost of 2d Fusion for It. of 


Roasted Matte. 

Labor, 1.48. 2.96 

Coke, 0.278t. 16.12 

Repairs. 0.74 

19.82 

Cost by Ton of Ore. 

Labor, 0.155. 0.310 

Coke, 0.029 . 1.682 

Repairs.. 0.075 


2.067 

Quantity of mattes produced.. . 5.320t. 
u of scoria “ ... 1.350t. 


No. 13.— Cost of all the Operations for 


One Year. 

Labor, 1.365 at 2... . 2.610 

Coke, 0.149 at 58. 8.642 

Charcoal (roasting)0.0017 at41.60 0.070 

Wood and faggots, 0.0093 . 0.144 

Fluor, 0.046 at 14.10. 0.648 

Repairs. 0.437 


Expenses for It. of ore.12.551 


TREATMENT AT AGORDO. 

Treatment. 

Dry way. 

1 . Fusion for mattes in a shaft Furnace. 

2. Roasting the mattes in stalls. 

3. Fusion in a shaft furnace. 

Products. 

(a) Rich scoria. 

(b) Rich matte. 

(c) Blk. Cu. 

4. Fining the blk. Cu. in a low hearth. 

Wet way. 

1. Roasting in piles. 

2. Lixiviation. 

3. Cementation. 

4. Crystalization. 

















































I 


l 


li 


No. 1 .—Prices of Fuel at Agordo. 


Wood, 10.52 

Charcoal, 57.50 

Peat, 11.20 

Labor, 1.20 


No. 2.— Dimensions , &c ., of Piles at 


Agordo. 

Quantity of ore. 200t. 

Number of piles. GO to G5 

Wood used. 5.20c.m. 

Width of pile. 6.00 

Length “ variable. 

Height “ . 2.50 

Width of upper part. 3m. 


No. 3 .—Details of Styrian Kiln. 

Length.20.0 

Interior width. 7.00 

Height. 3.00 

Thickness of walls. 0.75 


No. G .—Details of Lixiviation. 


Ore roasted. 15,000t. 

Boasted earth, resulting. 13,700t. 


Ore passed in 3 lixiviations.. 40,000t. 
Water at 25° to 27° produced. 3,000c.m. 
Number men for 13,700t. of roasted ore 
or40,000t. of material handled, 30 


Labor for It. of ore, 1.34d. 1.G03 


No. 7 .—Details for 1853. 

Quantity of liquid treated... .3000c.m. 
Cast iron of 72t. at 224f. .... 1G128. 
Wood 981c.m. 4.02 .... 3943.G2 

Peat, 482c.m. 2.24 .... 1079.G8 

Charcoal, G43c.m. 9.1G .... 5889.88 

Labor, 2400d. 1.20 .... 2880. 

Bepairs, brooms, &c. 400. 


30,321.18 


No. 8 .—Amount Produced. 

Bich cement at 50 to 60$.... 61.494t. 
Poor “ “ 10 $.... 15.984t. 


No. 4.— Cost of Roasting. 


Ore treated. 150,000t. 

Number of piles. 63 

Men for making pile... 7 

taking the sulphur... 1 

Wood, 0.026c.m. at 4.02. 0.104 

Labor 0.147d. at 1.30. 0.191 

* - 

Cost of roasting It. 0.295 


77.478t. 

Or at a mean yield of 50$ 38.7391. of Cu. 
Cost of ton. 2.0214 


No. 9 .—Crystalization Panics. 

Length. .3 to 3.50 

Width. 2m. 

Depth. 0.50 


Large pieces. 

No. of children for breaking.... 120 

Pay of cliildien per day .. 0.50 

100k. of ore give 13.26k. concentrated ore 
Labor, 2.491d. at 0.50. 1.245 

Cost of breaking for It. of ore. 1.245 


No. 5 .—Details for Sulphur. 

Two men occupied at 6.35 per ton ofS. 
Amount produced, 45 to 50t. 

1853. 50t. of S at 187 


Wood, 0.712c.m. at 4.02. 2.88G 

Labor, 3.40 at 1.87. 6.358 

Cost of It. of S. 9.244 


No. 10 .—Analysis of the Crystals. 


Pe 8 

49.73 

Pe 8 

3.20 

Zn § 

4.55 

11 

42.52 


100.00 


Pure crystals with 7^ of H have 55$ 
of Fe’S 


No. 11.— Cost of Crystalization. 


Number of men. 2 

Labor. 1.10 

Packing and freight. 3.60 


Cost of It. of crystals.4.70 



























































15 


(1.) Fusion. 

No. 12.— Charge. 

Concentrated ores. C0.198 

Rich ores. 11.445 

Cement. 6.919 

Grasses. 4.770 

Scoria. 15.503 

Red sandstone. 14.540 

Charge in 24h. 16t. 


No. 13.— Treatment of 1600^. 

Rich scoria and ores. 1600t. 

Number of campaigns. 9 

Length of campaigns. 20 d. 

Charcoal. 6211. 

Red sandstone. 270t. 

Labor. 1440d. 


No. 14.— For One Campaign. 

Ore treated in one campaign, l,777.778t. 

Charcoal, 69t. at 57.25.. 3950.25 
Labor, 160d. “ 1.50.. .240.00 

Redsandstone, 30t. u 15 ...450.00 


Repairs.500.00 

Cost of one campaign.5140.25f. 

Cost for It. of ore. 3.061f. 


No. 15.— Quantity Ti'eated. 

Concentrated ores. 2571. 

Rich ores.19.60t. 

Mattes produced (pr. campaign). 96t. 

“ 11 (pr. year).... 896t. 

Yield of mattes.24 to 25$ 


No. 16.— Composition of the Matte. 


Cu . 24.10 

Fe&Zn . 49.60 

S 26.30 


100.00 


(2.) Roasting. 

No. 17.— Boasting Stalls. 


Number of fires. 5 

Length of stalls. 3.60m. 

Width “ 2.60m. 

Height “ 1.80m. 

No. of stalls arranged in 2 rows. 24 

Charge in each. 8 t. 

Time required.14 to 15d. 


No. 18.— Expenses for 1 Year. 


Wood. 264t. 

Peat. 113t. 

Charcoal. 96t. 

Labor, at 1.10 . 2952d. 


For It. of matte. 

Wood, 0.220 at 10.52 . 2.315 

Peat, 0.094 “ 11.20 . 0.828 

Charcoal, 0.080 “ 57.25 . 4.580 

Labor, 2.46d. “ 1.10 . 2.706 

Cost for It. of ore. 0.852 


10.429f. 


(3.) Fusion for Black Copper. 
No. 19.— Charge. 


Roasted mattes.95.146 

Refining crasses. 2.257 

Scoria. 21.000 

Redsandstone. 2.000 


No. 20.— Details for 1853. 


Length of campaign. lOd. 

Amount fused.60 to 80t. 

Quantity in 24h.. 7 to 8 t. 

Quantity treated. . 1200 t. 

Number of campaigns. 16 

Mean of each. 751, 


No. 21 .—Expense of Treatment. 


Charcoal, 2368t. at 57.25.... 


Labor, 80d. at 1.50. ... 

.120.00 

Repairs. 

.400.00 


1975.68f. 

For It. of matte. 

... 25.10 

u u ore.. 

... 2.00 

Result. 


Blk. Cu. at 94$. 

. .11.851. 

Matte at 60$. 

. .11.551. 


23.43t. 


/ 




































































1G 


(4.) Fining and Refining. 
No. 22.— Expense. 


Labor, 5d. at 2.00.10.00 

Charcoal, 1.30 “ 55.25.74.75 

Repairs...25.00 


119.45f. 

For It. of Cu.59.73f. 

“ u ore. 1.162f. 


Amount of rosette Cu. in a year 240t. 


No. 23.— Expense for It. of Ore. 


Labor, 3.2203d.2.931 

Wood, 0.052Gt.0.552 

Peat, 0.0141 .0.1578 

Charcoal, 0.0795 .4.5500 

Cast iron, 0.048 1.0752 

Flux, repairs, &c.1.2885 


10.5545 f. 


ENGLISH METHOD 
PURE ORES. 


Treatment. 

1. Roasting the ore. 

2. Fusion for bronze mattes. 

3. Roasting the bronze mattes. 

4. Fusion for white mattes. 

5. Roasting the white mattes, & fusion 

for blk. Cu. 

G. Fining and refining. 


No. 1 .—Assay of the Ore. 


Small. 

Medium. 

Large. 

a b 

a b c 

abed 

c d 

d e f 

e f g h 

a b 

a 


c d 

d taken away, 

No. 2. 

—Moisture in 

Ores. 


Max. 

Min. 

Rich ore, 

15$ 

6 $ 

Cement from Cuba, 25$ 


Mattes Chili, 

3 to 11$ 

1 $ 

Ordinary Eng 

dish, 5 to 9$ 

1 $ 


( 1 .) Roasting the Ore. 

No. 3.— English Furnace for Roasting 
. Cu. Ores. 

Furnace with 2 hearths. 


Length less the fireplace. 9.15 

Width. 4.20 

No. bricks with chimney. 50000 

Labor of mason. 156d. 

Boy to attend him. 156d. 

Laborer. 48d. 

Construction takes. 20d. 


Iron-bracing j ^ cksm!th 


No. 4.— Large Reverberatory Furnaces, 


Length.G.10 to 6.86 

Width.4.85 to 4.57 

Fireplace, length. 1.90 

“ width. 1.20 to 2.68 

Height at fireplace. 1.80 

‘ £ chimney. 1.37 

Length in the middle.... 4.27 to 5.25 
Width “ “ ,...3.35 to 3.65 

Thickness of sides. 0.60 

u u at fireplace. 0.63 

“ of end “.... 0.23 

No. of fire-bricks. 8500 

Ordinary “ 3500 

“ red bricks. 3000 

Labor for Construction. 

Mason. GOd. 

Aid. GOd. 

Laborer. GOd. 

Furnace can be built in. lOd. 

Relation of the Parts. 

Surface of fireplace.1.08 to 1 

“ hearth. 16 to 15 

Flues.0.24 to i-or ^ 

Volume of laboratory. 800 to 7.5 


An. 5.— Working of the Furnace. 

Charge in double furnace. 4t. 

“ single “ ■ . 3t. 

Charge remains on upper hearth 4h. 

“ lower “ 6 h. 

Coal per week. 7t. 

Charges of ore per week. 24 

Weight of ore.90 to 100 k. 

No. of weeks’ work in a year.48 to 50 
No. of men, day 4, night, 4. 8 d. 



















































17 


No. 6.— Composition of the Ore. 


No. 11 .—Bride for Furnace. 



Ore 10$ 

Ore 8$ 

Best fire-brick. 

. 8104 

Cu 

10 

8 

Ordinary brick. 

.13271 

S 

15 to 20 

23 


Si 

45 to 55 

45 


21,375 

Fe 

20 to 25 

24 




No. 7. —Results of Roasting. 

Ore. Roasted Ore. 

n a { Cu 8 Ou 8 

CuS | S 2 S 2 

S 10 lost. 

■p e 2C3 j S 21 0 5.4 ^ ^ 

lcb }Fe24 Fe 12 

S 11 [ Fe 2 S 3 

Fe 2 ) iefe 

Si 45 Si 45 

No. 8 .—Expense of Roasting. 

Transportation of ore. 0.230 

Coal, 0.123t. 0.707 

Labor, 0.35d. 0.927 

Repairs. 0.158 

2.022 


(2.) Fusion for Bronze Mattes. 

No. 9 .—Furnace for Fusion for Bronze 
Mattes. 

Ratio. 

1 


Fireplace.1.96 

Hearth..9.0 

Flue.0.12 

Chimney.0.42 

Volume of laboratory.... 4.09 

Fuel used, per h.140 

Large furnace. 

Fireplace. 1.7 to 2 

Hearth.16.25 

Fuel, 170k. pr. h. or 25 to 30t. pr. 


No. 10 .—Sand used for Hearth . 


Si 

Fe 

Ca 

Mg 

£1 


Blown. 

80. 
1 . 2 ) 
5.7 C 
.8 
1.6 
4.5 


Refractory. 
(1) (2) (3) 
92 92 93 

11 8 7 


No. 12.— Charge for Fusion for Bronze 
Mattes. 

Large 
furnace. 
1.800 
1.300 


Roasted ores. 


Unroasted ores. 


0.900 
0.100 

Fluor, 0.050 

Scoria of same operation, 0.070 
4$ 0.107 ) 

Scoria, 1 5 to 7$ 0.064 [ .180 
9$ 0.009 ) 


.400 


1.300t. 3.500t. 

Mixture of fuel is bituminous, § dry 
coal. 

Thickness of fuel on grate... .30 to .40 
Furnace worked by 2 men. 

2 shifts per 24h. 


No. 13.— Composition of Matte. 

Matte. Matte. Chalcopyrite. 


4.5 

i 

TIT 

JL to i 
4 LU 5 

2.5 


Ratio. 

1 

9 to 8 
week. 


Cu 

Fe 

S 

Hi & Co 
Sn Sb As 
Scoria, 


35 

30 


30 to 36 
“ 30 
“ 30 


2 


33.7 

33.6 
29.2 

1 . 

1 . 

1.1 

99.6 


34.6 

30.5 

34.9 


100 


Cu 

Fe 

S 

Si 


No. 14 .—Roasted Ores. 

10.25 to 11. 
34 “ 39 

7.5 “ 10.5 

“ 65 


55 


Product. 

Bronze Mattes. 

Cu 10.25 to 11. 

10.25 “ 15. 

10.2 “ 7 

Scoria generally 
Fe 34.62 
Si 65.38 


Fe 

S 


Scorias. 
Fe 24 to 27 
Si 55 to 65 


RSi 




























13 


No. 15.— Composition of Scoria. 

Si 30.00 

Quartz, 30.50 

Fe 28.50 

*1 2.90 

Mg 0.60 

Ni & Co 1.40 

Ca 2.00 

CaFl 2.10 

Cu 0.50 

Fe 0.90 

S .60 


100.00 


No. 16.— Cost of Treatment for 1 1. of 
Ore. 

Coal, 0.78 at 6.30.. 4.95 

Labor, 0.64d. “ 3.60.. 2.31 

Fluor, 0.051 .. 0.64 

Sand and bricks, ( ^ -- 

Repairs, \ 


- 8.45f. 

(3.) Roasting the Bronze Matte. 

No. 17 .—Expense of Boasting. 

Fuel used in a week. 7t. 

No. of men, (day 2, night 2). 4d. 

Pay of men per week. 23 to 25f. 

No. of charges “ .,.. . 6 

For It. of Bronze Mattes. 

Coal, 0.410. 2.38 

Labor, 0.67. 2.49 

Repairs. 0.13 


5.00 


No. 18.— Composition of the Roasted 


Matte. 

Cu 33 

Fe 33 

S 33 


(4.) Fusion for White Mattes. 
No. 19.— Charge. 

Roasted bronze mattes.1.000 

Rich quartzose ores.435 

Fining scorias.158 

Hammer scales.012 

Flux and debris of furnaces.107 


1.707t, 


1 2 3 

Roasted matte.2400 2300 2400 

Rich unroasted ore.2400 2400 2000 

Refining scorias.... 400 500 800 


5200 5200 5200 


No. 20.— Composition of the Scorias. 


Si 35 

Fe 58 

Cu 1 

Other bases, 6 


100 


No. 21.— White Mattes. 


Cu 

Poor. 

65 

72 

Rich. 

70 83 

s 

23 

21 

30 17 

Fe 

9 

5 


Scoria, 

3 

2 



— 

— 

- - 


100 

100 

100 100 

No. 22.- 

—Expense of Fusion. 

Coal, .95.. 



. 5.89 

Labor, .65.. 



.3.55 

General expenses... 


. 0.79 


10.23f. 

Charge. 


Roasted mattes. 0.697 

Oxydes. 0.303 


1.000 


(5.) Roasting the White Matte. 
No. 23 .—Dimensions of the Furnace. 


Width of fireplace. 1.30 

Length of u . 1.40 

Greater axis of hearth. 4.30 

Smaller u u . 3.00 

Length of bridge. 2.00 

Width of hearth at flue. 0.90 

Height of chimney.18.00 

Width of working door. 0.33 

Height of “ “ . 0.25 

Width of charging u . 0.50 

Height of “ “ . 0.35 

Taphole.0.11 x 0.11 
















































19 


No. 24.— Relation of the Parts. 


Surface of fireplace, 1.82... 

of hearth, 8 to 9. . 
Section of flue, 0.12. .. 

of chimney, 0.42.. . 

olume of laboratory, 4 to oc.m. 


.. 1 
.. 4.5 
. . .67 

. . .22 

.. 2 to 24 


No. 28.— Relation of the Parts. 


Fireplace. 1 

Hearth. 4 

Flue. 0.67 

Chimney. 0.22 

Volume of laboratory.1 to 2.5 


No. 25.— Composition of the Bile. Copper. 


Cu 

98.... 

99.0 

Fe 

1 .... 

0.5 

S 

1 .... 

0.3 

Scoria, 

1 • • • • 

0.5 


No. 29.— Select Copper. 


Cu. 99.80 to 99.85 

Fe. 0.20 to 0.15 

No Pb or Sb. Traces of 0 and Ag. 


No. 30.— Unsaleable Copper. 

Cu. 99.85 

Fe. 0.10 

Sb.01 


No. 26.— Expense of the Operation. 


Coal, O.Ct. 3.72 

Labor, 0.4d. 1.75 

Repairs. 0.37 


5.84 


( 6 .) Fining and Refining. 


No. 31.— Rosette or Cake Copper. 


Cu 99.60. 99.70 

Fe .10 .15 

Pb .15.10 

Sb .06.04 

Ag none.none 


99.91 99.99 


No. 27.— Dimensions of the Furnace. 


Length of fireplace. 1.40 

Width of u . 1.30 

Length of hearth. 3.50 

Width of hearth at the middle. . . 2.50 
u 11 at the bridge... . 2.00 

at the flue. 0.66 

Height of arch 11 u . 0.60 


No. 32.— 

Coal, 0.427. 2.66 

Labor, 1.3.14 

Anthracite, 0.060. 0.90 

Wood, 23k. 0.87 

Repairs. 0.86 


8.43 


IMPURE ORES. 


Treatment. 

1. Roasting ore. 

2. Fusion for bronze mattes. 

3. Roasting the bronze mattes. 

4. Fusion for white mattes. 

5. Fusion for blue mattes. 

6 . Fusion of scorias for red or white 

mattes. 

7. Roasting the blue mattes and fusion 

for extra white mattes. 

8 . Roasting the mattes Nos. 6 . & 7, and 

fusion for purple metal. 

9. Roasting mattes Nos. 4, 7 & 8 , and 

fusion for blk. Cu. 

10. Fining and refining. 

Nos. 1 , 2 , 3 & 4 are the same in both 
processes. 


(5.) Fusion for Blue Mattes. 

No. 1.— Charge. 

Roasted bronze mattes. 1.392 

Sulph. & carbonate ores 15 to 25$ 0.408 
Sand, scorias, debris of furnaces. 0.203 

- _ 2.003 

No. 2.— Details of the Fusion. 

Per 24 hrs., 2 men and 1 child. 

No. of charges per week. 22 

For It. of Charge. 


Labor, 0.338 at 4.85. 1.639 

Fuel, 0.706 at 6.17.4.350 

Repairs, tools, Ac. 0.585 


6.580f. 



















































20 


For It. of Ore. 


Labor, 0.1552.0.7524 

Fuel, 0.2824.1.7424 

Hep airs, tools, &c.0.2340 


2.7294f. 

lOOt. ore yield 25t. matte. 


No. 3.— Composition of Scoria & Ma ttes. 
Scoria. Matte. 

Si 33 to 35 Cu 56.7 

Pe 55 Fe 16.3 

S 22. 

Ni & Go L6 
Sn.As.Sb. 1.2 
Scoria, 0.5 


98.3 


(6.) Fusion of Scorias for Red or 
White Mattes. 

No. 4.— Charge. 

Scorias 4, 7 & 8, of 10 to 12$.. 1.718t. 
Quartz, sulphurous ore, 10 to 15$. .166 

Scales and sweepings.110 

Anthracite..• .099 

Silica, taken from the hearth dur¬ 
ing the operation.0.09(1 


No. 5 .—Details of the Operation. 

Time for charge, 2t. 6h. 

No. of operations per week. 22 

Furn. lasts without repairing hearth 2m. 

Flues last a “ . 2m. 

Furnace lasts.18 to 24m. 


No. 

6 .—Expense of the Fusu 

m. 


For It. of Charge. 


Labor, 

0.392 at 4.40 . 

,1.725 

Fuel, 

0.56Gt. at 6.17. 

,3.492 

Repairs, 

tools, &c.. 

.0.630 



5.847f. 


Cost for It. of Ore. 


If It. scoria = 0.20t. of ore. 


Labor, 

0.0784. 

0.345 

Fuel, 

0.1132. 

,0.698 

Repairs, 

& c . 

0J 26 

Cost per ton of ore. 

1.169f. 


No. 7.- 

-Analysis of the Products. 


Mattes. 



Rich. 

Poor. 

Cu 

74.6 

62.1 

Fe 

3.1 

12.1 

Sn 

0.3 

1.8 

S 

20.2 

22.8 

Scoria. 

FI 

.7 


99.3 

99.5 


Black Copper. 

Alloy. 

Cu 

86.0 

66.2 

Fe.Ni Co 3.2 

28.4 

Sn Sb 

0.7 

2.7 

As 

1.8 

2.0 

S 

6.9 

Trace. 


98.6 

99.3 


(7.) Roasting the Blue Mattes & Fusion 
for Extra White Mattes. 

No. 8 .—Expense of the Operation. 


Labor, 0.880d. at 2.68. 2.165 

Fuel, 0.820t. at 6.15. 5.048 

Repairs, tools, &c. 0.834 


8.047 

For It. of Charge. 

If lOOt. of ore yield 40t. of matte. 


Labor, 

0.161. 

. 0.433 

Fuel, 

0.144... . 

. 1.008 

Repairs, tools, &c . 

. 0.167 



1.608 

No. 9 .—Extra 

White Mattes. 


Cu 

77.5 


Fe 

2.2 


S 

20.1 


Sb & As 

Trace. 



99.8 


(8.) Roasting the Mattes Nos. 6 and 7 
and Fusion for Purple Metal. 


No. 10 .—Expense of the Operation. 
For It. of Mattes. 


Labor, 0.507 at 2.95. 

... 1.495 

Fuel, 0.372 at 6.15.... . 

... 2..28S 

Sand, brick, repairs, &c.... 

... 0.491 


4.274f. 














































21 


For It. of Ore. 

If lOOt. of ore produce 12t. of mattes. 


Labor, 0.061. 0.179 

Fuel, 0.045. 0.27G 

Sand, repairs, &c.. 0.059 


- 0.514 

No. 11 .—Analysis of the Products. 
Brute Copper. 



Kaofjord. 

Swansea. 

Cu 

97. 

92.5 

Ni 

1.6 


Fe 

0.1 

4.8 

S 

1.3 

1.6 

As & Sb 


0.6 


100.0 

99.5 



Red Mattes. 

Kaofjord. 

Swansea. 

Cu 

80.00 

81.1 

Ni & Co 

0.50 


Fe 

0.50 

0.2 

S 

17.00 

18.5 

Scoria, 

2, 



100. 

99.8 


RESUME. 


No. 1.— General Details for each 
Operation. 

For It. of Ore treated Ordinary Method. 


1. Quantity roasted.790k. 

Quartz used in No. 2. 88k. 

Rich ores in No. 4.122k. 


1000k. 


4. Charge.403k. 

Matte.200 

Yield of matte. 70$ 

5. Charge.200k. 

Yield, 60$.120k. 

Amount Fe.. 1$ 


2.3. Charge. 878k. 

Yield,"32$ (878x0.35)...... 281 

Yield of matte. 42$ 


6. Charge.120k. 

Yield.114 


No. 2 .—Details for all the Operations. 

Weight Coal. Labor. Repairs. Flux. Wood, 
of Charge. Wt. Price. Days. Cost. Cost. Wt. Cost. Wt. Cost. 


1. Roasting. 790 97 0.55 0.35 0.92 0.15 

2 - “I Bronze mattes, 790 878 680 4 ' 31 °- 5G 2 ' 03 °' 48 44 °- 50 

3. Roasting. 281 115 0.67 0.19 0.70 0.04 

4. Fusion ] J^ atteS ’ ?^o. 403 380 2.36 0.26 1.42 0.32 

( Ores, 122 

5. Fusion for blk. or blister Cu. 120 120 0.74 0.08 0.35 0.07 

6. Fining & refining. 120 006 0.43 0.12 0.38 0.10 3k. 0.16 


Copper produced.1142 1452 9.08 1.86 5.80 1.16 44 0.56 3k. 0.16 


No. 3.— Cost of It. of Merchant Copper. 


Coal, 12.13. 79.46 

Labor, 13.68. 50.87 

Repairs, bricks, &c. 610k. 10.77 

Flux, 0.39. 4.91 

Wood, 0.025. 0.88 


For 1 Ton of Ore. 

Special expenses. 16.68 

G-eneral ex. interest on capital,&c. 30.00 


46.68f. 

Capital required per It. of Cu. a 


a year. 250f. 

Rolling capital... lOOOf. 


146.89 


1250f. 













































22 


CALCULATION for the CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS for the ENGLISH METHOD. 


No. 1.— 

Legal interest in England.3$ 

Sinking fund. 2$ 


Commission & discount for time(4) 14.25 


Freight on ore. 32.00 

Profit of 5$ . 1.25 


Capital for It. of ore. 250f. 

250x0.114 (Cu. in It. of ore) = 28.5 
28.5 at 5 i = (1) 1.42 

Rolling capital for It. Cu. 1000 

Interest on account risk.4 f 0 

Capital for It. of ore 1000x0.114 114 

Interest on 114 at 4 <f 0 .(2) 5.76 

Other general expenses.(3) 5.32 

Discounts added for time. 3$ 

Commission. 2 f 0 


5 f 0 

If Cu. is worth 2500, 5$ = 125 


125 x 0.114 is for the ton of ore (4) 14.25 
Resume. 

Interest on capital at (1) 1.42 
Interest on rolling capital 4$ (2) 5.76 
Other general expenses, (3) 5.32 


Total general expenses, 12.50f. 


60.00 

Oftener counted. 65.00 


No. 2 .—Furnaces Required for Treating 
47,000h and 10,000^. of Ore a Year. 


47,000t. 10,000k 




Impure 

Ores. 

Pure Ores. 

Oper. 

No. 1. 

10 

Oper. 

No. 1. 5 

a 

“ 2. 

16 

a 

a 

2. 8 

a 

“ 3. 

8 

a 

a 

3. 4 

a 

“ 4. 

5 

a 

a 

4. 3 

a 

“ 5. 

2 




a 

“ 6. 

2 




a 

“ 7. 

1 




a 

“ 8. 

1 




a 

“ 9. 

4 

a 

a 

5. 2 

a 

“10. 

2 

a 

a ■ 

6. 1 


51 23 


MIXED METHOD. 


Treatment. 

1. Roasting impure and sulphrous ores 

in a reverberatory furnace. 

2. Fusion of Ho. 1 with pure ores in a 

shaft furnace. 

3. Roasting in stalls or a reverberatory 

furnace according to the price of 
fuel. 

4. Fusion of No. 3 in a shaft furnace, with 

rich and pure oxydes, for blk. Cu. 

5. Fining and refining in a reverbera- 

o o 

tory furnace. 


TREATMENT IN RUSSIA. 


(2.) Fusion in the Shaft Furnace. 


No. 1.— Charge. 
Sulphur on 0.660 ) ,, p 

Oxydes, 0.340 f i1, Uu . 

Scorias of blk. Cu. 0.115.. . 
Rich scorias of blk. Cu. 0.140.. . 
Debris of Furnaces, 0.015... 


0.039 

0.100 

0.025 

0.005 


No. 2 .—Expense of Treatment. 


Charcoal, 0.413. 4.07 

Brasque, 0.020. 0.14 

Refractory matte, 0.033. 0.15 

Labor, 1.50........ 1.54 

Transportation. 0.21 

Necessaries. 0.22 


- 6.33f. 

No. 3.— Composition of the Bile. Cu. 
Cu 97 to 98. 

Fe 2. 

S 0.4 


100.4 

(4.) Fusion for Black Copper. 

No. 4.— Cost per Ton. 

Wood, 6.07 at 1.20.7.28 


Labor, 3.95 at 1.00.3.95 

Repairs.2.68 


1.270 


Cost per ton... ,13.91f. 

































23 


No. 5.—■ Cost Treatment for It. of Ore. 


First fusion. 6.33 

Fusion of' blk. Cu. 1.53 

Fining and refining.. 1.72 

Repairs, Ac. .3.90 


13.48 


COMPARISON OF METHODS. 

No. G .—Expense of Ordinary Method. 

Wood. Charcoal. Labor. 


Roasting mattes, 
F usion for bl. Cu. 

1.5 

6.500 

3.00 


2.75 

Fining, 


0.150 

0.60 


1.50 

0.650 

6.35 


No. 7 .—Expense of Mixed Method. 

Wood. Labor 

Roasting. 0.07 0.35 

Fusion. 6.00 3.00 


G.07 3.35 


No. 8.— Comparison. 


Ordinary method.14.65 

Mixed.11.23 

Difference. 3.42f. 


TREATMENT AT SZASKA. 

No. 1.— Treatment. 

1. Fusion of the ore for mattes. 

2. Roasting the mattes. 

3. Fusion for concentration. 

4. Roasting concentrated mattes in 10 

fires. 

5. Fusion for black copper. 

G. Fining the black copper. 


No. 2.— Charge. 

Oxydes at 1.9$ of Cu..„. 1000 

Pyrites at 0.5$ u . 207 

Scorias fr. blk. Cu. at 0.75$ of Cu. 5 
Limestone at 0.75$ u 109 

Height of the furnace. 6m. 

Quantity of mattes. 18$ 

Yield of the mattes.8 to 14$ 


No. 3.— Fusion for Concentration. 
Quantity of mattes produced. 13$ 
Yield of the mattes. 30 to 35$ 


No. 4 .—Resume of all the Operations. 



Weight. Wood. 

Charcoal. 

Labor. 

1... 

... 1000 


600k. 

1.28 

2.., 

.. . 180 

O.lOSst. 

0.5 

0.20 

O 

O • • « 

,180 


108 

0.22 

4... 

57 

0.196 

1 

0.15 

o .., 

57 


37 

0.06 

6... 

18 


14 

0.10 



0.304st 

760.5k. 

2.Old. 


Quantity of rosette Cu. produced, 14k. 


No. 5.— Expense. 

. 25$ 

660k. at 10. 7.60 

0.304st. at 1.20. 0.3G 

2d. . 2.00 


9.96 


TREATMENT AT PERM. 

No. 1. — Charge. 

Ore of 3$ by weight. 1 

Dolomite “ . 0.30 

Fuel,. 0.30 

Quantity of blast per m.... 5 to 6c.m. 
Quantity smelted in 24h. ... 3 to 4t. 
Pressure of blast, .. .0.03 to 0.04 of Hg. 


No. 2 .—Composition of the Blade Cu. 
and Cast Iron. 


Black Cu. 

Cast Iron. 

Cu 94.0 

Fe 83 

Fe 4.5 

Cu 10 

Scoria, 1.5 

Mn 3 


C 3 

100.00 

Si 1 


100 


TREATMENT OF OXYDES OF COPPER. 


Loss in Cu 
Charcoal 
Wood 
Labor, 

















































24 


No. 3 .—For 1 Ton of Ore. 


Charcoal, 0.700 6.37 

Dolomite, 0.300 3.00 

Labor, 2.28d 2.52 

Repairs.96 


12.85 


No. 4 .—Products in One Campaign. 


Blk. Cu. in G furnaces. 4200 

Cast iron rich in Cu. 3200 

No. of campaigns in a year. 8 


No. 9 .—Expense of Fining. 

Labor, 6d. at 1.20. 7.20 

Wood, 6.20 at 1.25. 7.75 

Repairs. 5. 

For It. of blk, Cu.19.75 

For It. of ore. 0.233 


No. 10.— Refining. 

Each operation. 3t. 

No. of operations in 24h. -4 

Quantity of Cu. treated. 1480 

Cu. produced. 13.45 


No. 5.—1 Furnace Produces. 


>■ 20 «N 2io 

“ from cast iron. 8.4 \ 

Cast iron with Cu. 153.6 


No. 6 .—For 1 Ton of Oast Iron. 

Labor, 4d. at90. 3.60 

Charcoal, 0.50k. 4.55 

Repairs, &c. 1 


Cost of re-fusion.9.15 

Quantity of cast iron per year, 140t. 


No. 7.— Expenses. 

Cost of re-fusion for It. of ore... 0.219 
Treatment in shaft furnace.12.85 

13.069 


No. 8 .—Fining Furnace. 

Charge blk. Cu. at 80 to 95$. 3.200t. 


Time for fusion. 6 to 8h. 

Time of operation.18 to 20 

Cu. produced. 2.800t. 


No. 11.— Cost of Refining. 

Charcoal, 807. 8 

Labor, 2d.. . 4 

Transportation in works. 0.90 


Cost of treating 1480t. of blk. Cu. 12.90 
For It. of blk. Cu.8.71 


No. 12.— Recapitulation. 

Fusion of ore in shaft furnace... 12.85 

Fusion in cupoli. 0.22 

Fining. 0.233 

Refining. 0.238 


Special expenses...13.541 

General expenses. 8.41 


21.95 

In the Ural Mts. It. of Cu. is worth 2500 

The ton of cast iron. 120 

Reduced to It. of ore this gives. 66.35 
Deduct cost of treatment. 21.95 


44.40 

This amount must cover the profits of 
the works, mining and transporting 
the ore. 


TREATMENT IN THE WET WAY. 


USE OF THE SULPHUROUS ACID. 

No. 1 .—Sulphur Lost at Swansea. 

Ores smelted per w. at Swansea, 5000t. 

They contain S.24 to 25$ 

This is equal to brown vitriol... .3300t. 
Worth per year.12,600,400f. 


No. 2.— Treatment. 

1. Simple condensation of £ or £ in 

water. 

2. Manufacture of ’£ in lead chambers. 

3. Reaction of the £ on metallic oxydes 

to produce sulphates. 

4. Converting aluminous shales into AlS 
























































25 


No. 3.— Treatment in the Wet Way. 

1. Roasting, preparation, and washing 

sulphurous ores. 

2. Treatment of oxydes by acids. 

a. The acids (S or HC1) are purchased. 
h. The acid (S) is made from the ore. 

3. Precipitation of the copper. 
a. By HS or a polysulphuret. 

1). By iron (cementation.) 

No. 4.— Expense of Cementation. 


Labor,, 0.56 at 2f. 1.12 

HC1 22 at 35. 0.77 

Fe 3.5 at 0.15. 0.52 

Repairs. 0.07 

Transportation. 0.52 


No. 5.— Details of the Operation. 


Amount of ore treated per mo. 550t. 

No. of men required. 14 

Time required for 100 of Ou.. 140 
Amount Cu. from It. of ore.. 5.4k. 

Merchant Cu. obtained. 2.7k. 

2k. of Cu. is worth. G.75f. 

Cost of treatment. 3.42 


3.33 


3.00 














TREATMENT OF ORES OF LEAD. 


(1.) ROASTING AND REACTION. 

I 1. Carinthian Method. 

Reverb. Furnace. < 2. French or Breton Method. 

( 3. English, Spanish or Belgian Method. 

Shaft Furnace.—4. Scotch or American Method. 

(2.) ROASTING AND REDUCTION. 

Impure Argentiferous Ouartzose Ores / n » 

ry a } Villas. Cartiiagena. Aguilas. 

without ZnS \ 

Poor Ores with Pyrites, Ciialcopyrite, &c.—Lower Hartz. 

(3.) PRECIPITATION. 

Reverb. Furn.—Vienne in France. 

Shaft Furn. —Silesia, Clausthal, Altenau, Lautenthal. 

(4.) - MIXED METHOD. 

Przibam. Stolberg. Corphalie. 

PoNTGIBAUD. BlACHE. ScHEMNITZ. 


No. 1.— Order of Fusibility and 
Volatibility. 

Fusibility. Volatibility. 

Lead. Gialena. 

Subsulphuret. Subsulphuret. 

Galena. Lead. 


2 Pb+PbS=3 Pb+S (2) 

PbS +PbS=2 Pb+2 § (3) 

3 PbS+PbS=4 S+4 Pb 

PbS+2 PbS=2 S+PbS+2 Pb 
PbS+2 Pb=3 Pb+S 


No. 2.— Reactions. 

PbS+3 PbS=4 Pb+4 S (1) 
100 of pure Galena roasted gives. 
Pb 66.3 

PbS 36.7 

103.0 


PbS+C=Pb+S+ C 
PbS+2 C=PbS+2 0 
PbS+4 C=PbS+4 C 
PbS+Fe=Pb+FeS 


(1.) ROASTING AND REACTION. 


1. CARINTHIAN method. 
Treatment at Bleifcerg. 
No. 1 .—Periods in Process. 

1. Roasting. 

2. Stirring. 

3. Sweating. 


No. 2 .—Analysis of Ore at Bleiberg. 
1856. 



Ore. 

Pb 

PbS 

76. 

66.3 

Pb 0 

4. 

3.1 

ZnS 

13. 


SbS 

0.2 

69.4 

CaC 

5.0 


Insoluble, 

0.4 



98.6 









27 


No. 3 .—Amount of Gangue. 

Previous to 1856 1856. 

Blende, 5f 0 to 6$ 6f 0 to 8$ 

sometimes 10 to 13^ 
Limestone, 4^ to 5^ 

Calamine, 1 $ “ 2^ 

Pyrites, 1$ “ 2% 4 </ 0 to 5$ 

Clay, 1 % 

No. 4.— Charge. 

Charge .. 2101c. 

Sifted ore. 

Dust. 


2 

¥ 

1 

¥ 


iVb. 


5. 


-Analysis of Ores after Roasting 
3 to 4 hours. 


Pb 2 S 


Pb 5 

00.8 

Pb 

24.5 

Pb 

23.3 

PbS 

27.7 

ZnS 

06.9 

FeS 

02.2 

Ca 

04.2 

Pa S 

03.4 

Clay, 

02.0 


103.0 


No. 6.— Ores roasted in a Furnace with a 
Double Hearth. 



12h. 

18h. 24h. 

3 Oh. 36h. 

Pb 

7.0 

10.1 20.0 

44.3 69.2 

PbS 

2.4 

3.6 12.5 

26.0 14.0 

PbS 

89.0 

79.2 66.5 

29.0 12.1 


Pure PbS & FeS* 

PbS upper 


PbS. 

in Small 

Hearth. 



Pieces. 


Pb 

66.3 

18.3 

39.5 

PbS 

36.7 

38.5 

50.8 

Pe 


33.2 

2.1 

ZnS & Zn 


7.4 


No. 7. —Scorias from Treatment of Un¬ 
roasted Galenas in Shaft Furnace at 
Claustlial. 

Good working. Top Lower Very good 



of the specimen. 

part. 

working. 

Si 

48.80 

53.90 

43.13 

£l 

4.62 

4.40 

4.76 

Ca 

3.26 

5.60 

5.77 

Mg 

1.24 

1.30 

0.78 

Fe 

36.0 

32.0 

37.72 

Mn 



0.30 

Pb 

5.30 

4.20 

6.32 


No. 


8 .—Analysis after the Pb ceases to 


form. 


PbS 

14.0 


Pb 

20.2 


Pb in 

grains, 18.3 


Fe 

01.2 "| 


Zn 

03.8 


PbS 

06.1 

\ 0.214 

FeS 

02.9 


ZnS 

07.4 J 


Ca 

11.6 


Clay, 

02.8 

► 0.195 

PaS 

05.1 ! 



93.4 


9 .—Residues at Bleiberg. Furnace , 

with two fireplaces. 


After 12 h. 

After 16 h. 

Si 

9.4 

15.1 

Pb 

6.83 

9.30 

Zn 

10.5 

10.4 

Fe 

6.6 

11.6 

Pb (metal) 8.15 

2.74 

Ca 

7.2 

8.1 

PbS 

42.60 

18.87 

PbS 

9.5 

9.5 

C 

1.2 

0.9 

Sb 

2.24 

3.20 

10.— Scorias. Treatment of very 

Rich Residues at Bleiberg. 


1 

2 

Si 

27.85 30.55 

£1 

1.25 

1.20 

Ca 

11.75 15.28 

Mg 

0.33 

0.28 

Fe 

47.84 41.15 

Pb 

1.70 

2.15 

Zn 

4.10 

6.25 

S 

2.20 

2.34 


No. 11 —Loss ofPb allowed the Workmen. 

Ores of 82^ loss allowed 2</ 0 

i 

10 $ 

i4 i 


u 

u 

u 


u 

u 


No. 12 .—Fuel Allowed. 

For the charge of.210k. 

Wood allowed . 0.82st. 

Prime given for all saved pr. st. 0.65f. 
Charged for excess per st.. 0.862f. 
















28 


9 


No. 13.— Cost of Treatment. 
Bleiberg, 185G. 


Ore yields by assay. 07.3 

“ in treatment. 02.7 

Wood, 4.70 at 4.31. 20.25 

Labor, 4.70d at 2.28. 10.72 

ti ( 1.5k. of iron at .50.... 0.75 

For S er -j Forging. 1.34 

Repairs, &c. 10.40 


43.40 

20f. must be added for general expenses. 

No 14.— Cost of Works with 2 Furnaces. 
Cost of the works... . 15,000 to 20,000f. 


i / / 

Ore treated per year... 300t. 

For It. ore treated.... 50f. 

Int. for sinking fund 10$ 5f. 

Rolling capital.50,000f. 

Interest at 6$. 3,000 

“ per ton ore. lOf. 

Cost of direction. 5f. 


G-eneral expenses. 2Of. 


Pb contained. 70$ 

Assay . 70$ 

Treatment. 64$ 

Total loss. 12$ 

Wt. charged in hopper.1200k. 

Loss of moisture 5$. 00 


Weight of ore.1200 


No. 3.— Analysis of Matte. 

1 2 
PbS 62.5 55.2 

CuS 4.0 0.4 

PeS 1.5 3.8 

ZnS 0.0 11.0 

Pb 32.0 0.0 

Scoria, 0.0 29.0 


100 . 100 . 


No. 4.— Analysis of the White Crosses. 

Si 17.00 

Pb 16.00 

Ba 11.50 

Fe 53.50 

S 2. 


No. 15.— Toasting in a Furnace with a 
Double Fireplace. 


Charcoal used in 24h.,.. 13G0 to 1400 

Ore treated. 4000 

Number of men. 4 

No. of days’ work for It. 2 


Charge of 200k. at 80$ PbS yields 55$ 
directly. 

Residues yielding 40$-32$ or 21.12 


Total yield, 76.12 

Loss, 3.885=5$ 


80.00 


(2.) BRETON METHOD. 

Treatment at Albertville, France. 
No. 1.— Furnace. 


100.00 


No. 5.— Residues at Pesey , after 16 hours. 
Si 17.0 

Pb 13.0 

Pe 53.5 

Pa 11.5 

Pbs 5.0 


A r o.6 .— Expenses. 

Labor, 3.90d. at 1.92. 7.49 

Wood, 2.19st. at 6.25.13.69 

Charcoal, 20k. at 50f. per t... 1.00 

Wear & tear of tools. 7.83 

Geneaal expenses.10.00 

Treatment of crasses, &c. 7.48 


47.49 


No. 2.— Analysis of Ore. 


Galena, 88 

Pyrites, 7 

BaS 4 

Quartz, 1 


No. 7.— Products. 
1000k. of ore yields. 

Pb 579.76 

Crasses, at 27$ of Pb 200.20 
Cadrnia, at 37$ u 6.86 


100 


806.82 













































29 


Pb from crasses, &c. 62. 

Pb from ore. 580. 

Total amount of Pb. 642. 


No. 8 .—Expenses from 1834 to 1838. 

Wood, 4.38st. Charcoal, 31k. 

Labor, 4.12d. Tools, 21.8k. 


Treatment at Poullaouen, France. 
No. 9.— Ore. 


Galena. 78 

Pyrites.'. 10 

Blende. 8 

Quartz... 4 


100 . 

Contains Pb.... 67.5$ 

Assay.. .. 61$ 

Loss by treatment.15$ to 16$ 


No. 10 .—Analysis of White Grasses. 



After 16 h. 

After 16 h. 

After 16h. 



Huelgoet ore. 

Zinc ore. 

Si 

24 

24.0 

29.5 

35.6 

Pb 

30 

26.5 

2.5 

0.4 

Fe 

12 

14.0 

64.5 

42.0 

2n 

27 

27.0 

. 1.0 

20.8 

A1 



2.5 

1.0 

PbS 

4 

5.0 



PbS 

8 

3.0 




100 


No. 11.— Expenses. 

Wood, 2.12st. at 3.66 .. 7.75 

Charcoal, 300k. “ 40f. per t... 12.00 

Labor, 5.33 “ 1.03. 5.49 

Fe • 25k. “ 400f. per t.. 10.00 

General expenses.10.00 


45.24 


(3.) ENGLISH MKrtlOD. 
No. 1.— Furnace. 


Length of hearth. 2.75 

Width u . 2.13 

Length of grate. 1.75 

Width “ 0.33 

Width of bridge. 0.45 


Height of arch above fireplace.. . 0.40 

“ 11 at flue. 0.27 

Ho. of doors on each side. 3 

Size “.0.27x0.23 

Ho. of brick, refractory.5000 

u common..2000 

Amount of fire-clay.2500t. 

Ordinary q T‘' 

charges, } Com ^ all) 

Time required.5 to 6h. or more. 

Quantity treated in 241i. 4t. 

Fuel per ton of ore.... 500 to 600k. 

Labor. 1 to 1.4d. 


No. 2.— Belgium. 

Hearth. 4.50 x 2.90 

Fireplace. 1.30 x .40 


No. 3 .—Dimensions of Reverberatory Furnaces. 


Length of the hearth.. 

Mean width do. 

Length of grate. 

Width of do. 

Width of the bridge.. 
Height above the grate 

do do hearth. 

Height of the arch 
above the bridge., 
do above the hearth 
do do at the flue.... 


<D 

~o 

0 

c 

h0 

6 

cd 

CO 

0 

O 

<d 

i- 

0 

SI 

CO • 

— 0 

W 

1— 

0 

to 
) <1> 
o 
cd 

-u 

0 

*4— 

0 

E 

0* 

i— 

SZ' 


0 

_C 

to 

"D 

c 

(d 

^—\ 

-p 

o 

C 

• 0 
a 
, o 

cd 

0 . 
CL 

CL 

cd 

hi) 

0 

cd 

SZ 

4-» 

c 

> 

D 

O 

Z 

cd 

C 

o 

_C 

Cl 

O 

o 

Q. 

. £ 

ca 

0 3 

“5" 

-Q 

0 

CO 

Q- 

- 0 

s— 

a 

CO 

C 

CO 

E 

cd 

X 

CO 

C 

lI 


>> 

_Q 

0 

Q 

*bj 

c 

UJ 

f 

23 

O 

CL 

K| 

o 

X 

_Q 

JD 

CO 

O 

c 

2. 

50 

4. 

12 

2 

.70 

4. 

70 

3. 

05 

3 

.00 

3 

.30 

3. 

70 

3. 

33 

3. 

47 

1. 

40 

1. 

80 

2 

.90 

2. 

90 

3. 

05 

3 

.00 

3 

.30 

2. 

40 

1. 

95 

1. 

40 

1. 

50 

1. 

05 

2 

.00 

2. 

00 

1. 

83 

1. 

.40 

1. 

40 

1. 

40 

1. 

30 

1. 

35 

0. 

40 

0. 

35 

0 

.50 

0. 

40 

0. 

61 

0. 

.65 

0 

.65 

0. 

65 

0. 

50 

0. 

47 

0. 

40 

0. 

45 

0 

.60 

0. 

60 

0. 

71 

0 

.80 

0 

.35 

0. 

46 

0. 

56 

0. 

30 

0. 

60 

0. 

50 

0 

.35 

0. 

35 

0. 

30 

0 

.30 

0 

55 

0. 

50 

0. 

40 

0. 

10 

0. 

25 

0. 

10 

0 

.30 

0. 

30 

0. 

30 

0 

.12 

0 

.40 

0. 

20 

0. 

30 

0. 

10 

0. 

20 

0. 

17 

0 

.30 

0. 

30 

0. 

30 

0 

.50 

0 

.40 

0. 

40 

0. 

30 

0. 

25 

0. 

38 

0. 

27 

0 

.60 

0. 

60 

0. 

55 

0 

.62 

0 

.80 

0. 

60 

0. 

60 

0. 

60 

0. 

38 



0 

.35 

0. 

60 

0. 

30 

0, 

.25 

0 

.25 

0. 

30 

0. 

50 

0. 

60 


i 










































30 


No.. 4 ,—Analysis of Grasses. 

Katzentlial 

Holzappel Birmingham ore with As 
after 16A. treating PbS. and Ph. 


No. 7 .—Analysis of Lead. 


Si 

10.0 

Sl 

29.4 

Si 

27.6 

Pb 

38.9 

Pb 

15.6 

Pb 

11.0 

Fe 

5.6 

Fe 

13.4 

Fe 

26.2 

2n 

30.5 

Ca 

28.4 

2n 

3.4 

Mn 

2.0 

£1 

5.7 

in 

4.6 

PbS 

5.0 

PbS 

5,5 

£1 

1.6 

PbS 

8.0 



PbS 

4.0 



Spain. 

England. 

Pb 

99.84 

99.75 

Cu 

0.13 

0.20 

Sb 

0.03 

0.05 

Ag 

0.0038 

0.006 


No. 8 .—Select Lead from England. 


OaS 


15.0 

4.6 


No. 5 .—Residues at Grassing ton, Derby¬ 
shire, treating Carbonates with Barytic 
Gangue , 

Pb 
Ye 
Cfa'S 

• Mi 

BaS 
CaFl 


Pb 

99.98 

Sb 

0.015 

Fe 

0.0008 

Zn 

0.0042 

Ou 

traces. 


34.0 

3.0 

10.5 

51.0 

1.5 


No. 6 .—Residues at Lea , Derbyshire , 
Treating Carbonates with Barytic Gangue. 

Without CaFl. Rich Scoriae. 


Fe 

4.5 

2.0 

15.4 

5.6 

Zn 


2.0 

7.2 

8.0 

Ca 

8,0 

8‘.0 

16.0 

14.7 

PbS 



17.6 

2.0 

PbS 

22,0 

9.0 

12.0 

30.0 

CaS 

22.5 

3’3.0 

1.6 

5.6 

BaS 

25.0 

30.0 

22.0 

24.4 

CaFl 

16.0 

13.6 

7.2 

8.5 


No. 9.— Expense. 

Coal, 300 to 320 at 14.50 pr. t.. 4.65 

Labor, 3.5d “ 2.25. 7.80 

Fe 15k. “ 300f. pr. t. 4.50 

Repairs. 2.55 

19.50 

When ores assay. 67$ to 68$ 

They yield. 61$ 


No. 10 .—Analysis of Galena treated in a Reverberatory Furnace , with two 

Fireplaces. 


PbS... 

Pb... 

PbS....’. 

Pb. 

Charge in the furnace during 

3h. 6h. 9h. 12h. 

8.08 11.10 10.27 14.47 
1.43 14.98 16.48 18.10 
71.54 50.27 41.37 25.29 
0.65 6.70 6.70 6.85 

Residues 
taken out 
after 16h. 

6.43 

9.30 

16.34 

2.74 

Residues, 
taken out 
after 12h* 

6.47 

6.83 

36.91 

8.15 

Total. 

81.70 

83.05 

74.82 

64.71 

34.81 

58.36 

S found. 

11.92 

9.20 

7.52 

7.22 

3.10 

6.60 

Zn. . 

Pb produced directly from 100 k. 

4.28 

4.29 

5.13 

6.04 

8.33 

8.39 

galena. 


5. 

30. 

51. 

67 

56 

Yield of Pb in Ag. 

Lead contained in residues by the 


570 

460 

250 

200 

240 

dry assay. 

78.6 

79.8 

72.4 

63.1 

32.8 

55.4 


*After an elevation of temperaturo. 






















. 11.— Comparative Diagram of Nine Experiments in Reverberatory Furncces , with the same Ore. 

Yield of the G alena 79f 0 


31 


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32 


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33 


No. 13 .—Experiments to determine the weight of the Charge in the Reverberatory 

Furnace at Corplialie in 1860. 


Argentiferous Galena 

Galena from the Rhine, of Meuse, France. 


Charge. 

. 1600 

1300 

1600 

1300 

Yield. 


78.88 

68.118 

69.835 

Direct Yield. 

. 44.113 

59.55 

51.057 

54.876 

Pb contained in the crasses. 

. 15.389 

11.50 

10.34 

11.805 

Total Yield . 

. 59.502 

71.05 

61.397 

66.181 

Units lost. 

..... 10.102 

7.83 

6.721 

3.654 

Percentage of the Pb lost. 

. 14.513 

9.92 

9.86 

5.23 


4. scotch method. No. 4 .—Expense for 1 1. of Ore. 

No. 1 .—Analysis of Grasses at Bleiberg. Labor. 

Product. 


Pb 

37.7 

Smelters, 1.33 ) 

10 50 

2n 

19.2 

Laborers, 2.50 ) 


Fe 

19.5 



Ca 

8.8 

Wood and charcoal, 154k... 

.... 9.21 

Mg 

1.4 

Repairs of tools. 

.... 1.17 

*1 

1.7 

Transportation, treament of cr 

asses. 5.85 

Si 

5.3 



S 

5. 


26.73 


98.6 

No. 5 .—Przibam in Bohemia. 


No. 2 .—Losses Allowed. Assay.. 75$ 

Ore of 74$ loss of 10$ of Pb allowed. Loss of Pb. 7.67 

“ 72$ “ 11$ “ No. of tons in 24h. 4. 

“ 70$ u 12$ u No. of men in 24h. 5 


No. 3 .—Details at Bleiberg for 1866. 
Blende, pyrites & lime in the ore 10$ 

Assay yield of the ore. 72.6$ 

Furnace yield. 63.$ 

Loss by treatment.9 to 10$ 

Loss in Pb. 15$ 

No. of tons in 24h. 3t. 

No. of men in 12h. 2 

Fuel for It of ore. 


Wood .. 
Charcoal 


41k. 

113 


Fuel for It of ore. 

Wood, 57 l 
Charcoal, 109 \ 


166k. 


No. 6.— Missouri. 

Wood alone. 

Wood, 200k. or .60st. 

Charcoal alone. 


1.54k.=1.73st. Charcoal....3.5 hec. 

in reverberatory furnace. 4.7st. Quantity of ore treated in 24h. 5t. 


































34 


(2.) ROASTING AND REDUCTION. 


WORKS AT VJALLAS, DEPT. OF LOZERE, FRANCE. 

No. 1.— Composition of the Ore. 


Pb 

45 

S 

7 

G-angue, 

48 

* 

100. 

No. 2 .—Analysis of 

the Roas 

Pb 

50.50 

Zn 

1.50 

Sb 

0.50 

Pe 

6.00 

PbS 

24.70 

BaS 

7.00 

PbS 

1.50 

ZnS 

traces. 

Si Clay, &c. 

8.30 


100 . 


Charge.700 to 900 

Time. 16h. 

Quantity in 24h. 1000. 


No. 4 .—Expense for It. of Ore. 

Coal, 0.4 to. 5 at 21.5. 9.99 

Labor, ' 3d at 1.75.5.25 

Repairs, tools, &c. 0.49 


15.73 

No. 5 .—Dimensions of the Furnace. 


Height above working table. 1.70 

Width at throat. 0.50 

“ tuyere. 0.45 

Length in direction of tuyere. 1.00 

Diameter of tuyere. 0.035 

Height throat above tuyere. 1.30 to 1.35 
Thickness refractory material 0.50 

“ “ breast.. 0.12 


No. 3.— 

Details of the Operation. 


No. 6.— 

Charge. 


Pb contains 


. G3<£ 

Roasted 

ore. 


... 1000 

Assay. 



Scoria of 

same operation... 

... 500 

Yield per quint in 

Ag... .360 to 380g 

PaS .... 




Uapors contain Pb. 

. 25 to 30^ 

Roasted 

iron ores. 


60 

Hearth bottom yields Ag, per 





quint ... 


. It. 

1 


• 

1590k. 



No. 7.— Analy 

sis of Scorias. 




1 

2 3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Si 

36.7 

36.1 38.0 

39.4 

35. 

34. 

34.2 

Pb 

4. 

4.41 4.0 

11.76 

6. 

7. 

9.2 

Fe 

23.33 

f 0,8 l 30.0 l 
trace ) ) 

21. 

26.0 

21.9 


*1 

3.50 

3.5 

4.00 


Zn 

4.50 

6.50 4.20 

4.5 

4.00 

5.85 


Ba 

18.30 

23.10 14.00 

14.00 

14.00 

14.33 


Ca 

9.00 

8.70 9. 

9. 

8.50 

9.50 


Mg 

.50 

trace 


1.60 

2.00 ' 


S&S 


0.39 


0.50 




99.83 

100. 99.00 

99.66 

99.10 




1, 2 & 3 are the usual composition. 4, 5, 6 & 7 are the result of engorgements. 

Assay generally.2 to 6$ Pb 

Yield per quint, in Ag. 25 to30g 







































35 


No. 

8 .—Expense for It. of Or 

e. 

Coke, 


510 

at 

50. 

25.50 

Labor, 


Q 

fj 

at 

1.50. 

3.00 

Coal for 

blast, 

0.125 

at 

21.50. 

2.50 

Roasted 

iron ore, 

0.060 

at 

36 

2.16 

Repairs, 

Ac.... 




1.30 






34.46 


WORKS AT CARTIIAGENA, SPAIN. 

No. 1 .—Roasting Chambers. 
Roasting chamber contains.. 5 to Gt. 


Time of roasting..10 to 15d. 

Cost of roasting 25t.50 to 75f. 


Cost per t. of roasted ore.. 2.75 to 3.75 


Width at tuyere. 1.16 

middle. 1.29 

“ throat. 1.21 

Flue next the furn. (elipsoide.) 1.20 

“ chimney “ . 0.80 

Chimney at base.0.85 to 0.90 

“ top.0.75 to 0.80 

Chimney for 4 furnaces... 1 

Cost of furnace.21 to 2.200f. 

chimney.14 to l.SOOf. 


No. 5.— Charge. 

Baskets of ore, 7k. each.... 50 to 60 
scorias, } crasses... 10 “ 12 
“ coke. 6 “ 7 


No. 2 .—Details of Furnace. 
Height from tuyere to throat, 

0.85 to 1.25 & 1.30 


Depth.0.84 to .90 

Width.70 tb .74 


Brasque, 


Clay. 

Charcoal.. . 
Charge. 


Sl 

8 

JL 

•i 


Roasted ore. 150 to 200 

Scoria with !-§-$ Pb. 100 


No. 3 .—Details of Treatment. 


Quantity treated in 24 hours. 


Ore. 

4600k. 

Scoria. 

1840k. 

Pb produced . 

940k. 

Pb containing per quint, in Ag. 

250g. 

Pb extracted. 

20.43$ 

Expenses for It. of Ore. 

Fuel.. 

.. 15.80 

Labor . 

.. 5.90 

Repairs. 

. . 0.54 


A charge for 24 hours. 


Ores. 9200k. 

Scorias... 23 to 2700k. 

Fuel. 1530 to 1610k. 

Assay of the charge... 11 to 12$ 

Yield in the furnace.. . 9$ 

Loss... 2.5 to 3$ 


No. 6 .—Expense for It. of Ore. 

Fuel. 11.23 

Labor. 2.93 

Tools, Ac. 1.70 


15.86 


No. 7 .—Expense for It. of Pb. 


Fuel .. 122.35 

Labor. 3.18 

Tools, Ac. 1.95 


127.48 


22.24f. 

For lOOt. of Pb. 

Fuel. 77.50 

Labor .... ..29.00 

Repairs. 2.65 

109.15f. 


No. 4 .—Details of Atmospheric Furnace. 

Exterior diam. of masonry 2.35 to 2.40 
Height from hearth to arch. 2.50 
u u throat. 1.75 


Fuel used. 16 to 17$ 

2 parts of ore for 1 of metal. 


TREATMENT OF TIIE CRASSES AND SLAGS. 

No. 1 .—English Slag Hearth. 


Length. .63 

Width. 75 

Height. .97 

Quantity in 24h. 9 to 10k. 

“ of coke.15 to 20$ 

Scorias contain Pb. 5 to 6$ 



























































30 


No. 2.— Use of Cold and Ilot Blast. 
28t. of Scoria with cold blast. 


Labor. 84.58 

Coke, 7t. at 30.80. 214.37 


298.85 

85t. of Scoria with hot blast. 

Labor. 84.58 

Cok,e, 5.85t. at 30.86. 179.10 

Charge of Pb at 2.06. 22.91 


280.65 


WORKS AT OCKER. 

No. 1.— Charge. 

Roasted ore of 6 to 10$ Pb.. 1000 

Sometimes roasted mattes. 

jcorias of 4 to 5$ Pb.. .280 to 300 

Litharge cupel bottoms. 10 


Sometimes debris of furnaces. 1300 


Product. 


Pb. 

.. 85 

Mattes.. 

. 100 

Cadmia.. 

. 15 

Scoria. 

.850 to 900 

Zn.. 

.. 1 to 2 


1050 to 1100 

O, S & II. 

. 250 to 200 


1300 1300 


No. 2 .—Details of the Operation. 


Ore roasted in 24h. 3t. 

Fuel for It. of Ore. 

Coke. 170 

Charcoal... 200 


370k. 


(3.) METHOD BY* PRECIPITATION. 


WORKS AT VIENNE, DAUPIIINY. 

No. 1.— Composition of Matte. 


FeS 

91 

PbS 

9 

CuS 

traces 


100 


No. 

2.— Composition of Scorias. 


Compact. 

Crystaline. 

Si 

29.5 

35.6 

Pe 

G5.0 

41.8 

Zn 

1.0 

20.0 

Pb 

2.5 

0.4 

£1 

1.0 

1.0 

Ca 

1.0 

1.0 


100 

99.8 


No. 3 .—Fuel used. 

Vienne, 

per It. of ore.. 

. 600k. 

Poullaouen, “ 

. 7001c 


No. 4 .—Scorias from Fusion of Scorias. 


Si 

Rich. 

35.2 

Poor. 

34.8 

Pb 

26.8 

6.6 

Fe 

20.0 

35.0 

Zn 

5.2 

0.0 

£1 

4.6 

4.8 

Ca 

4.4 

7.0 

Trace mattes 

2.2 

9.0 


98.4 

97.2 


WORKS AT TARNOWITZ. 


No. 1 .—Dimensions of the Furnaces. 



1 

2 


tuyere. 

tuyeres. 

Height, 

5.10m. 

5.10m. 

Depth at throat, 

0.76 

0.82 

tuyeres, 

1.12 

1.35 

Width at throat, warm 

, 0.60 

0.70 

breast, 

0.45 

0.60 

Width at tuyere,warm 0.60 

2.05 

“ breast 0.55 

2.05 




































37 


Mo. 2.— Charge for 11. Granulated Ore. 


Metallic iron. 150 

Puddling Scorias. 150 

Pb Scorias. 400 

Coal. 330 

Products. 

Pb with GOO to 700gr. Ag.,_ 700k. 

Mattes . 350 


No. 3.— Charge. 

Old. New. 

Ore. 1000 1000 

Cast iron. .145 720 

Forge scorias R Si....... 153 120 

Scorias of same operation. 350 300 


1648 1620 


No. 4.— Products. 

N ew. Old. 

Lead.700 635 

Matte 5 to 9$ Pb... .309 6 to 8 <f 0 245 
Rich scorias 2 to 4^.390 2 to 4^ 330 

Poor u -^to-f^.258 1 to 360 

Loss. 50 100 


1690 1670 


Charge in 24 hours. 

Granulated ore.6000 to 7000k. 

Ore in bricks.3000 to 3500 


No. 8 .—Smelting of Roasted Mattes and 
Grasses. 

Charge. 

Rich scorias.1750k. 

Debris of furnaces. 250 

Condensed products in bricks... 250 

Roasted mattes.1250 

Old Pb scorias.1500 

Iron. 100 

In 24 hours. 

Pb Produced.200 to 250k. 

Coal consumed. 10 hect. 


No. 9 .—Mattes at Andreasberg (. Arseni¬ 
cal Ore.) 


Pb 

35.68 

Fe 

31.54 

Cu 

3.79 

As 

1.07 

Sb 

1.49 

S 

23.97 

Mn 

0.25 


No. 5 .—Retails of the Fusion. 

In 24 hours. 

New. Old. 

Total yield of Pb. .. 72 to 73^ 69 to 70$ 
Coal per ton of ore. 435 384 

Labor. 1.50d. 1.50d. 

Charge. 8 to 9t. 6 to 7t. 

Cost. 22f. 20f. 


No. 6 .—Impure Pulverulent Ores. 
Charge. 

Ore in bricks at 44$. 1000 ) 1270 

Iron, 6 to 10$.60 to 70 > to 

Forge scorias.210 to 230 ) 1300 

Rich scorias.720 


0 

No. 7.— Charge for It. of Ore in Pricks. 


Metallic iron . 60 

Puddling Scorias. 220 

Pb Scorias. 400 

Coal...., . 500 

Product. 

Pb. 400 

Mattes. 120 


No. 10.- 

—Mattes at Tarnowitz. 


Common and 

Normal 


normal matte. 

working. 

Fe 

9.758 

13.39 

PbS 

15.54 

38.09 

FeS 

73.49 

42.75 

ZnS 

21.88 

5.52 

AgS 

0.018 

0.13 


No. 11 .—Scorias at Andreasberg, (arseni¬ 
cal ore.) 


Si 

34.82 

SI 

9.77 

Co 

11.72 

Mg 

1.21 

Fe 

.24.61 

Cu 

0.33 

Pb 

12.31 

Mo 

0.54 

K 

2.34 

§b 

0.21 

As 

0.26 














































38 


No. 12 .—Scorias at Tarnowitz. 



Si 

35.65 




XI 

2.19 




Ca 

6.54 




Fe 

44.90 




Zn 

0.73 




PbS 

9.70 




No. 13.— 

-Product. 



Pb_ 


.390 

to 

400 

Mattes 6$ of Pb... 

..120 

u 

130 

Rich scoria 

.520 

a 

580 

Crasses . 


.40 

u 

50 



1070 

u 

1110 


By 100k. of Pb 

Ore, 1G5. k. at 300f. the t. ...49.40f. 
Iron, 2G.70 “ 6.80f. 100k... 1.83 
Coal, 70. “ 10f. the t... 0.70 

Puddling Scorias, 38 at 4.40$.... 0.17 


Founders. 0.40 

Preparation of charge. 0.25 

General expenses. 1.56 


54.3 If. 

Cost without the ore (49.40).... 4.91f. 


No. 18 .—Analysis of Lead from 
Tarnowitz. 


No. 14 .—Details of the Operation. 

Ores passed in 24h.3.50t. 

Coal per ton of ore. 717k. 

Labor. 2.60d 

No. 15.— Charge in 1850. 

Roasted mattes. 250 

Rich scorias of operation No. 2.. 350 

Old “ . 300 

Debris of furn., crasses, &c., of 2. 50 

Cadmias with lime. 50 


Impure Mercantile. 

Lead. 1st quality. 2d quality. 

j 0.196 to Atop 

Sb j 0 207 0.436 

Fe j 0 t0 graces 0.047 

Zn | ff, t0 traces 0.135 

A g | koTs 10 °- 003 °' 015 



1000k. 

Cast iron. 

. 24 

Forge scorias... 

. 243 

Limestone. 

. 39 


1106k. 


No. 16.— Quantity Treated. 


In 24 hours. 

Charge smelted. lOt. 

1000 of charge give Pb.40 to 45k. 

Fuel per ton of charge...... 180k. 


No. 17 .—Expenses for the Year , (1860.) 

For 1000k. of Galena. 

Galena, 1000k... .300.OOf. 

Iron, 162. 11.01 

Coal, 424. 4.24 

Scorias from puddltige, 230. 1.01 

Transportation. 2.42 

Preparation of charge. 1.51 

General expenses. 9.45 


329.64f. 

Cost without the ore (300.00).. 29.64f. 


WORKS AT ALTENAU AND CLAUSTHAL. 

No. 1.— Composition of the Ore. 


Galena, 

70 

Quartz, 

14.5 

CuC 

3.2 

PeC 

7 

BaS 

1.8 

Slate, 

4.5 


100 

Yield, 

55$ 

Ag lOOg. 

in 100k. 

No. 2.- 

— Charge. 


Ore, at 55$ 1000. 550 

Litharge & cupel bottom 110 at 88$ 97 
Impure litharge abstrichs, 37 at 83 i 31 
Lead scorias fusion for matte (R’§i 

500 at 6$ 30 

Cast iron & scrap iron, 110 
Scoria same op., (ft2’Si) 400 at 7$ 28 


2157 736 












































No. 3.— Claustlial. 

Charge for 100 of Galena. 

Iron.. 11.2 

Cupel bottoms, litharge. 16.G 

Scorias ... 20.G 

Scorias from treatment of matte. 49.9 

By 24 hours. 

Galena 4200, or of charge. 8000k. 

Fuel used, 41 charcoal for 100 ore. 


No. 8.— Expenses. 

Preparation of charge for It. PbS. 1.38 

Transportation of scorias. 0.48 

Founders. 1.98 

Transport. & storage of products. 2.06 

Labor. 5.90 

Iron, 119k. (14.50 the 100k.)... 17.22 
Charcoal, 428k.19.00 


No. 4.— General Composition of Scoria. 

•A** 

bi 


Fe 

Ca 

Pb 

Ba Al Mg 


45 to 50 
36 “ 35 
7 “ 5 
6 “ 5 

G “ 5 


No. 5 .—Analysis of Scorias at Altenau. 


‘Si 

53.82 

£1 

3.82 

Ca 

5.37 

Mg 

1.09 

Fe 

25.90 

Mn 

2.74 

Pb 

4.79 

Fe 2 S 3 

3.16 


No. G .—Analysis of Mattes at C lausthal. 



Ordinary 

work. 

Crystaline 


1 

o 

matte. 

Pb 

41.50 

36.00 

73.35 

Fe 

34.05 

33.20 

9.81 

Cu 

0.36 

traces. 

0.40 

Zn 

0.36 

2.50 

0.20 

Ag 

0.12 


0.12 

Sb 

0.66 

5.30 

0.40 

S 

23.82 

22.0 

15.34 


No. 7 .—Products Obtained. 


Pb 545 at 95$. 518 

Mattes, 396 “ 35$. 138 

Scorias, 1166 “ 5 $. 58 

Loss by reduction, 50.. 21 


2157 735 

« 


Products for 100 of PbS or 192.3 of ore. 


- 42.12 

No. 9.— Concentration of Mattes. 

No. of Roastings 6 or 7. 

2d smelting in cupola. 


Roasted mattes. 100 

Metallic iron. 3 

Scorias from fusion of ore. 100 

Cupel bottoms.. 17.6 

Debris of furnaces.6 or 10 

Charcoal. 3 

Coke ...,. 24 


Total. 27$ 

Products. 

Lead. 34$ 

Mattes . 37$ 

Scorias .160.7 

Deposits. 0.3 


No. 10.— General Composition of the Pb. 

Pb 95 

Cu 1 to -J- 

Ag Sb S Fe 4 to 3 


No. 11 .—Lead from Claustlial. 


Pb 


Cu 


Sb 

As 

Zn 

Ag 


1 

2 

99.72 

j 97.69 

99.79 

) 98.51 

0.13 

j 0.06 

2.07 

) 0.14 

0.03 

j 1.10 

0.3G 

( 1.34 

0.36 


0.88 



0.0032 

0.0098 


No. 12 .—Hard Lead from Claustlial. 


Lead ... 
[Matte... 
Scorias : 
Deposits 


53 

Density, 

10.464 

44 

Pb 

86.34 

143 

Cu 

0.68 

8 

Sb 

12.08 



99.00 












































40 


No. 13.— Hard Lead from Altenau. No. 14.— Details of the Operation. 


Density, 

9.373 

Pb 

79.36 

Cu 

0.04 

Sb 

20.57 

Fe 

0.03 


100.00 


Charge in 24h. 8t. 

Corresponds to ore.3^ to 4t. 

Campaign lasts.8 to 9w. 

Fuel‘for It. of ore. 450 


No. 15.— Resume 


Weight. Charcoal. Cast IroD. Labor. Transportation. Wood. 


Fusion of ore.1000 

Roasting 1st matte. 396 

1st fusion of matte. 396 

Roasting 2d matte. 130 

2d fusion of matte. 130 

Roasting 3d matte & 3d fusion.. . 43 

Roasting 4th matte & 4tli fusion. 14 

Fusion of cadmias & dust. 100 

1000k. require,. 


No. 16.— Recapitulation. 

Charcoal, 709 at 30. 21.00 

Cast iron, 132 at 160.21.12 

Labor (fusion) 1.80. 4.96 

Labor (transportation) Id. 1.36 

Wood for roasting, 34k. at 17... 1.58 


49.02 


450 

110 

3.20 

0.70 




0.09 

0.28 

22 

142 

10.5 

0.96 

0.13 




0.03 

0.09 

8 

47 

3 

0.32 

0.05 


16 

1 

0.12 

0.05 

3 

5 

0.5 

0.04 

0.02 

1 

40 

7 

0.20 

0.04 


700k. 

132k. 

4.96f. 

1.36f. 

34k. 


No. 2 

.— Products. 


Pb 

438 at 

95.5$.. 


. 422 

Mattes, 

524 “ 

50.0$.. 


, . 262 

Scorias, 

1900 “ 

6.0$.. 


,. 114 

Loss, 

98 



64 


2960 



862 


With cupellation, &e. 

Charcoal......830k. 

Wood.125k. 

Faggots.340k. 


No. 17.— Expense of all the Operations. 

Fusion of ores,.42.12 

Roasting of mattes. 2.25 

Smelting mattes, 1st time. 7.15 

“ “ 2d, 3d & 4th time. 4.30 

Smelting deposits & debris. 3.50 

Cupellation (774k. Pb).10.85 

Revivification of litharges. 5.33 


75.50f 


TREATMENT AT LAUTENTHAL. 

No. 1.— Charge. 

Ore, 1000 at 63$.630k 

Litharge, & cupel botm. 110 “88$. 97 
Impure litharges, 40 “83$. 33 

Pb scorias from mattes, 900 “ 6$. 54 
Scoria same operation, 800 “ 6$. 48 
Cast iron, 110 


2960 '862 


No. 3.— Analysis of Scorias. 


Si 

41.00 


XI 

2.55 


Ca 

6.82 


Mg 

0.62 


Fe 

33.72 


Mn 

1.26 


Pb 

7.25 


Fe 2 S 3 

1.58 


ZnS 

3.60 


No. 4.— Charge of Mattes, 

Ac. 

Roasted mattes.... 


1000 

Rich scorias. 


Cupel bottoms. 


167 

Assavs .. 


14 

Cast iron.... . 


28 


No. 5.— Quantity Treated. 


Quantity in 24h. 4t. 

Pb produced. 350k. 

Mattes.. 336k. 


4 
























































41 


No. 5 .—Treatment of Dust. 


Roasted mattes. 

250 

Seorias from fusion. 

900 

Debris crushed and roasted.. 

250 

Pb seorias from treatment of 


litharge .. 

200 


Cupel bottoms, abstracts.. . .100 to 200 
Cast iron.*. 70 

No. 6.— Comparison of Yield at Claus - 
that and Lautenthal. 

Clausthal. Lautenthal. 

Pb Ag Pb Ag 

Fusion of ore, 55.99 71.34 44.26 62.59 

1 fusionmattesl6.02 21.39 16.93 25.38 

2 “ “ 5.58 6.94 5.06 8.78 

3&4“ “ 1.42 1.64 1.41 3.61 

Fusion cadmias,4.30 4.81 7.25 0.60 

83.31 106.12 74.91 101.06 


No. 7 .—Loss in Lead. 


Clausthal. Altenau. Lautenthal. 


Smelting of ore, 1.28 

2.48 l 

6.3 

“ mattes, 0.60 

1.91 s 

Cond. products. 

0.95 


Cupellation, 10.70 

6.17 

8.0 

Revivification, 1.79 

0.39 ) 

2.0 

Manufac’g hard Pb 

0.05 \ 

14.27$ 

12.78 $ 

16.3$ 


(4.) MIXED METHOD. 


ROASTING TIIE ORES. 

No. 1 .—Analysis after Boasting. 


Roasting 100k. 


galena in a Carinthian 


No. 2 .—Analysis after Boasting. 

Galena Roasted in Double-Hearth 
F urnace. 


Pb 

39.5 


1st 

period. 

2d 

period. 

3d 

period. 

4 th 

period. 

5th 

period. 

PbS 

50.8 

PbS 

87.0 

77.2 

64.5 

27.0 

10.1 

2n & 2nS 

7.4 

PbS 

2.4 

3.9 

12.5 

26.0 

14.0 

Fe 

2.1 

Pb 

7.0 

6.1 

20.0 

44.3 

69.2 


No. 1 

).—Boasting the Ore. 






Furnace with 1 Furnace at Furnace with English 
hearth 8m. long. Pontgibaud. 2 hearths. Furnace. 

Ore roasted in 24h.kl. 4000 7200 2400 1620 

Coal used 11 .. 680 2000 550 5o0 

Coal for 100 of ore. 186 260 230 400 

Labor. 1.80 2.40 1.67 1.30 


TREATMENT AT PRZIBAM. 

No. 1.— Composition of Ore. 


Galena.45 Pb 39$ 

Blende .... . .. 18 

Quartz & PaS. 20 

Ferruginous limestone. 15 

S, As, Sb & Cu. 2 


No. 2 .—Dimensions of Furnace. 

Hearth. 4.75x3.50 

Fireplace. 1.40x0.80 

Flue. 0.30x0.24 

. 1120k. 


Charge 

O 


100 





























12 


No. 3.— Charge. 


Coal, 275k. at 19. 


. 5.22 

Labor 3 roasting. 

1.8d l 

2.93 

’ \ transportation, 

0.6 f 


Repairs. 


. 0.45 


- 8.60 

No. 4 .—Reduction Furnace. 

Height above tuyeres. 3.32 

Height of the u . 0.50 

Width against u . 0.70 

“ breast. 0.63 

Depth of furnace. 0.95 


No. 8.— Cost of Treating It. of Ore. 


Cost of roasting, 275k 

Charcoal for fusion, 523k 

Cast iron. 

i Roasting, 1.8.. 
Labor, -^Founders, 2.3.. 

(Laborers, 1.6.. 
Forge scorias. 


| 798k 
80k 

| 5.7d 

' 500k 


TREATMENT AT PONTG1BAUD. 

No. 1.— Charge. 


No. 5.— Charge. 

Roasted ore. at 39$ 1000 

Litharge cupel bottoms... \ , 9 „ oaa 
A bstrichs & roasted mattes. \ 

Forge scorias. 360 to 600 

Cast iron. . 80 


1580 to 1800 


No. 6 .—Details of the Operation. 
By campaign# 


Ore. 42112k. 

Grasses. 12712 

Litharges. 7000 

Cast iron. 2800 

Puddling scorias. 19208 

Charcoal. 1200h, 


By 24 hours. 

Ore, 2340. 

Crasses, 700. 

Litharges, 390. 


| 3430k. 


Cast iron, 155 \ ^riX’oontPb 4.53^ 


Puddling scoria, 1070, 
Charcoal, about. 


30 $ 


No. 7.— Expense. 

Charcoal, 507 at 50.77 ... 25.74 

Cast iron, 80 to 150.. . 12.00 

Forgescorias, 600k. at 11.20 . .. 6.72 

Brasque, 16k. at 25.38 .. . 0.40 

Clay, 0.28hc.at 0.13 ... 0.04 

Labor, special, 2.30 ... 3.50 

“ ordinary, 1.00 ... 0.94 


49.34 

Expense or roasting. 8.60 


Charge. 1000k. 

Coal, per ton of ore. 450k. 

Lime on 2d hearth. 3 to 4$ 

Quantity in 24h. 4t. 


No. 2.— Cost. 


Coal, 35k. at 34.5 . 12.02 

Labor, 1.5d. “ 1.5f.. 2.25 


14.27f. 


No. 3 .—Analysis of Ore. 

G-alena contains 52$ Pb, assay 50$. 60. 


FeS 2 . 10. 

ZnS. ....... 5. 

S&Sb . 2. 

BaS. 8. 

Glangue. 15. 


100 . 


No. 4 .—Analysis of Roasted Ores. 



Porphyric 

Comby 

Careful roasting 


ore. 

ore. 

in old furnace 
no galena seen. 

2n 

3.9 

4.1 

5.2 

Pb 

35.6 

40.6 

16.7 

Fe 

17.0 

14.1 

20.7 

Bag 

7.4 

7.2 

9.2 

PbS 

6.7 

7.1 

8.1 

PbS 

1.4 

5.7 

6.1 

Si 

Mg 

24.1 

16.5 

27.0 

1.3 

1.5 

2.2 

Ca 

1.0 

1.1 

2.7 

As & Sb 

traces. 

traces. 

0.9 


57.94 


























































43 


No. 5 .—Analysis of Scorias. 



Old 

Irregular 

Good 

Good 

Si 

scorias. 

working. 

working 

working, 

39.0 

40.0 

38.0 

27.0 

SI 

1.5 

1.7 

1.4 

7.6 

Ca 

11.0 

15.0 

24.1 

13.0 

Mg 

2.1 

3.2 

2.9 


Pe 

21.2 

18.7 

19.2 

32.0 

Pb 

18.2 

13.1 

6.0 

18.6 

Pa 

26.0 

3.2 

3.3 

18.6 

2n 

1.70 

1.50 

1.6 


S 

1.00 

2.30 

2.1 

% 


No. 6.- 

-Analysis 

of Mattes. 


1 

2 

Pb 

79.5 

67.0 

Fe 

12.2 

22.4 

Zn 

1.1 

1.1 

As 

4.2 

4.5 

S 

2.3 

4.0 


No. 7.—Deposit at the Breast of the 
Furnace. 


Pb 

80.1 

PbS 

9.0 

As 

4.1 

CaC 

2.8 

S 

4.9 


TREATMENT AT BIACHE, ST. YAAST. 

No. 1.— Charge. 


Roasted ore.... .1000k. 

Iron. 100 

Chalk. 100 


Charge...1200k. 

Coke, per ton of ore. 100k. 


No. 2 .—Fuel used. 


In Large Furnace. 

Fuel per ton of ore. 280k. 

In Small Furnace. 

Fuel per ton of ore. 330k. 


No. 3 .—Details of a Campaign. 

By campaign. 

Roasted &; agglomerated ore 3,629,826k. 
Crasses from refining and 


litharge scorias. 303,121 

Roasted mattes. 207,700 

Crasses from the furnace,. 33,355 

Unroasted mattes. 3,985 


4,177,987k. 


No. 8.— Charge. 


Roasted ore . 1000k. 

Lime.. 50 

Old iron & cast iron.100 to 120 


Marl... 

•r j 10$ of ore.... 

iron, lead ma t er i a ] s> 

Spath fluor & scorias from 
puddling. 


470c. m. 
378,598 

750,000 


1150 to 1170k. 


No. 9.— Quantity Treated , &c. 
In 24 hours. 


Quantity treated.8 to 9t. 

With 120k. cast iron, coke- 65k. 

“ 100k. “ “ 80k. 

Yield of 100k. of ore. 

Pb 40 to 42k. e . 52$ 

Loss, 20$ with cupellation and 

patisonage. 30$ 


No. 4.— Expense. 


Labor. 3.45f. 

Coke, 163k. 36f. 5.86 

Coal, 35k. 20f. 0.70 

Repairs. 1-48 

Iron, 104 (6f.). 6.27 

Tools . 0.57 

Flux .. 1-20 


Full cost by $ of ore.19.53f. 








































44 


Mo. 5 —Smelting Roasted Ores & Residues 
of Reverberatory Furnace in Shaft 
Furnace , without using Metallic Iron. 

Operations. 

Roasting the ores in furn. with 2 hearths. 
Smelting, with dark throat, keeping a 
nose of from 0.12 to 0.14 

Charge. 

Roasted ore. 3000k. 

Copper ore. 1000 

Lime or fluor spar. 125 

Scorias. 5000 

Coke.1200 to 1350k. 


TREATMENT AT STOLBERG. 

Mo. 1 .—Roasted Ore. 


Pb 

61.9 


Fe 

2.9 


Ca 

8.3 


Mg 

2.6 


*1 

1.4 


Si 

19.5 


C 

1.4 


S 

1.00 


4 

99.00 


No. 

2.— Charge. 


Roasted ore... 


1000k 

Forge scorias.. 

.780 to 

800 

Lime. 


200 


Mo. 0. —Dimensions of Shaft Furnace. 


Height of shaft fr. tuyere to throat. 3.96m. 
Depth of channel leading to front 

hearth, under tuyeres.0.42 

Width of shaft at the warme, at 

level of tuyeres.1.70 

do at breast, at level of tuyeres. 1.13 
Depth of shaft “ “ 1.20 

Brick partition above tuyeres.. 1.30 
Thickness of partition.0.12 

Width of each division at warme, 

at throat. 0.73 

do do breast, at throat. 0.57 

Depth do do do ... 0.85 

Between tuyeres... 0.70 

Diam. of tuyeres . 0.035 

Pressure of blast... 0.70 

Quantity of blast... 4.829 

No. of castings in 24 hours. 4 

Products. 

Each casting metallic lead. 200k. 

Silver... .5000 to 6000g. 

(lead .. 20$ 


100k. mattes containing < copper. 10$ 

( silver .’2000g 
5 to 6$ Pb 

72 scorias (per 100 j 200g. silver per t. 

of charge.) ) of scorias. 
Scorias contain Si, less than 30$ 


Charge...1960 to 2000k. 

In 24 hours. 

Quantity smelted.6 to 7t. 


Coke per ton of ore.. 
Quantity of mattes. .. 
Scorias containing Pb 


250k. 


1 $ 

1 $ 


Mo. 3. 


-Analysis of Scorias {Siliceous 


Mo. 4.- 


Si 

34.45 

SI 

0.21 

Ca 

9.11 

Mg 

0.27 

Fe 

47.66 

Pb 

1.55 

S 

26 

7a\ 

29. 

Cu 

1 . 

FeS 

4. 

—Double Refined 

Pb 

99.952 

Cu 

0.026 

Sb 

0.007 

Fe 

0.006 

Zn 

0.009 


TREATMENT AT SELEGNEAUX. 

Mo. 1.— Charge. 

Ores made into bricks, with addition 4 
Ca & 15$ coke. 

Red earth. . 2 . 

Ores sulphurets. 7. 

Ores carbonates. 

Puddling scorias. 10$ 

. 15 $ 









































45 


No. 2 .—Dimensions of the Furnace. 
Dimensions of shaft, at 1.50m. 

Width. 1.10m. 

Depth.. 0.70 

Width at thro at. 1.30 

Depth at “ 1.00 

Pressure of blast.0.50 to 1.00 

Products. 

Lead.2000k. 

Mattes. 4 


WORKS AT MEMBACH. 

No. 1 .—Dimensions of the Furnace. 


Height. 5.00m. 

Width. 0.80 

Depth. 1.00 


No. 2.— Charge. 

Campaign of 40 days. 

Ores, 65,38$. 158,251k. 

Debris & residues. 19,458 

Iron scorias. 150,000 

Coke. 35,000 

Lead. 99,698 

Per 24 hours. 

Roasted ores. 3,956k. 

Iron scorias pr 100 roasted ores. 95 

Coke u u u 22 

Lead. 2,492 


No. 3 .—Loss of Lead. 

Lost in roasting, 4$ 

Roasted Lead 

Ore. Charge. Contained. 

Pb lost.2.43$ 1.19$ 8.64$ 

Total loss(about) 6.50$ 6.00$ 9.00$ 

By treating the volatile products the 
loss of lead becomes 4 or 5$ 


Product. 

Lead. 35,165k. 

No. 2 .—Analysis of Scorias at ILolzap- 
pel, (Ores with much Blende.) 

Si 25.0 

M 1.3 

Ca 4.2 

Mg 1.0 

Fe 24.5 

Mn 8.0 

Pb 18.6 


No. 3.— Expenses. 
Labor per 24 hours. 


Master workman, 2d. 5.50f. 

Assistant, 2d. 4.50 

Transportation, 5d.10.00 


20.OOf. 

Labor, at the blast engine. 4.50 


24.5 Of. 


No. 4.— Percentage. 

For It. For 100k. 
of Ore. of Lead 

Labor.4.31 0.70 

Tools. 0.80 0.13 

Coal for engine, (600k. 
per d. 16f. the 100k.). 1.68 0.27 

-r, . (labor...1.28 0.20 

xepairs, ^ materials ... 0.79 0.13 

Puddling scorias (8f.).. 6.00 0.97 

Coke (32f.).. 4.60 0.74 

Flux. 0.44 0.07 

Total amount.19.90 3.21 


WORKS AT BLEIBERG. 

No. 1.— Charge. 

Campaign of 20 days. 
Residues reverb, furn. (65$ Pb) 113,803k. 


Puddling scorias. 83,300 

Flux. '19,800 

Coke. 16,300 

Product. 

Lead... 70,331k. 

Per 24 hours. 

Ore. 5,690k. 

Iron scorias. 75$ 

Flux. 17.40$ 

Coke. 14.40$ 


WORKS AT CORPIIALIE. 

No. 1 .—Dimensions of the Furnace. 

Height. 3.50m. 

Size.1.00 x 1.00 

Pressure of blast. 0.25 to 0.35 

Per 24 hours. 

Materials with Pb(at 30$).4000 to 5000k. 

Puddling scorias. 50 to 75$ 

Coke. 18 to 22$ 

Scorias containing, over 1$ Pb are 
treated again. 

Products. 

Pb produced.1100 to 1200k. 

























































4G 


♦ 


No. 2. — Losses by Volatilization. 


Weight of Lead. 


Weight of 

Contained 



Contained in 

Ores. ore treated. 

in the ore. 

Produced. 

Lost. 

poor scorias 
thrown away. 

drude ore... .32090 

16276 

13430 

2846 

808 

Roasted ore..36115 

23630 

21269 

2361 

542 


Contained Lost by 
in deposits, volatilization 

2038 12.52 

1819 7.69 


COMPARISON OF THREE PROCESSES. 


No. 1 .—Treatment in Reverb. Furnace , 
making poor Residues to be smelted 
in Shaft Furnace. 

1000k. Galena (69.57$ 


Products. 


Lead. 

.. 603k. 

Crasses, (19.8$ 36k. Pb. 

. . 190 

Crasses in shaft furnace yield Pb 36k. 

Loss in Reverberatory Furnace. 

fo of ore.. 

... 5.6 

</ 0 of Pb contained.. 

... 8.03 

Loss in Shaft Furnace. 


f of ore. 

. .. 0.86 

f 0 of Pb contained. 

... 4.30 

Total Pb produced. 

639k. 

11 u lost. i 

57.70k. 

u u a f or 100k. of ore.. 

5.77 

a a u for 100k.Pbcont’d 

8.30 

Expenses. 


Reverb, furnace.. 

. 24.70 

Shaft furnace (19.25$. 

. 8.71 


33.41f. 

Galena supposed 70^ 

Pb lost.... 58.10k 

Value of this Pb (500). 29.05 

Cost of smelting. 33.41 

Cost & loss.... 62.46f. 


No. 2 .—Treatment in Reverb. Furnace , 
making rich Residues to be treated in 
Shaft Furnace. 


Loss in Reverberatory Furnace. 


<fo of ore. 2.98 

<f 0 of Pb contained. 4.30 

Loss in Shaft Furnace. 

</o of ore. 3.25 

<fo of Pb contained. 5.07 

Total Pb produced.. 651k. 

u u lost . 42.50 

u u u f or look, of ore.. 4.25 
u a u f or look. Pbcont’d 6.13 

Expenses. 

Reverb, furnace. 16.40 

Shaft furnace (23.80$. 8.65 


25.05f. 

Galena supposed 70^ 

Pb lost. 42.91k. 

Value of this Pb. 21.95 

Cost of smelting. 25.05 


47.00f. 


No. 3.— Careful Roasting & Agglomera¬ 
ting without producing Pb, & smelting 
in Shaft Furnuce. 

1000k. Galena (03.32$ 

Products. 

931k. yield of roasted ore at.. .. 65.33^ 


573k yield Pb. 61.57^ 

Loss in Roasting. 

fo of ore.. 2.44 

<fo of Pb contained. 3.85 


1000k. Galena (69.35$ 
Products. 


Lead.. . 427k. 

Crasses (65$ 224k. Pb. 364 


Crasses in shaft furnace yield Pb 224k. 


Loss in Shaft Furnace. 


% of ore. 3.76 

<f 0 of Pb contained .. 5.75 

Total Pb produced. (57.3$ 573k. 

“ “ fo of Pb contained 9.50 












































47 


Expenses. R 0 . 2.—Resume. 

Roasting (per ton). 7.80 12 3 


Shaft furnace (21f. per ton).19.53 Loss in Pb.58.30 42.91 66.50 

-Yal.Pbat50f.*prl00k.29.05 21.95 33.25 

27.33f. Cost of treatment...33.41 25.05 27.53 
Galena supposed 70$ _ _ _ 


Pblost . 66 . 50k. Total expense* losses 62.46 47.00 60.78 

Value of this Pb (50$). 33.25 

Cost of smelting.27.53 


Cost and loss . 60.78f. 


REFINING LEAD. 


No. 1 .—Reverberatory Furnace for 
Refining Pb. 

Length of hearth. 2 to 4 m. 

Width “ .1.50 to 2.00 

Depth of charge.0.30 to 0.40 

Length of operation. 12 to 60h 


No. 2 .—Furnaces at Freiberg. 

1861. 1864. 

Length of hearth. 2.86m. 3.71 

Width “ 2.14 2.86 

Charge.5 to 6t. 8t. 

Max. height of arch.. . 0.90 0.90 

“ “ bridge. 0.33 0.33 

Inclination of hearth.. .1 .1 

Charge. 8.5t. 9t. 

Weight of pig of Pb.. 50k. 

Coal used in 24h.750 to 900k. 

! ' Pb from ore or matte 15 to 16h. 
11 litharge... 4 to 5h. 

“ crasses.... 60 to 80h. 


No. 4 .—Treatment of Refining Crasses at 


Bleiberg. 

Charge. 8000k. 

Refined in., ... 48h. 

Coal.600 to 700k. 

Labor. 4d. 

Crasses yield in Pb . 80$ 

Amount of crasses produced. 11 to 12$ 

Pb produced contains. 

Sb.„. 2 to 2>°f 0 

S. 3$ 

Fe. 0.15 

Zn.. . traces. 


No. 5.— Cost of Refining. 

Labor, .133.33 

Coal, .80 at 1.6.1.28 

Transportation, .07 at 2.14 

Sundries. 26 


2.OOf. 


No. 3 .—Analysis of Lead. 


Unrefined Refined 
Silver. Pb silver. Pb 

Pb 97.72 


As 1.36 
Sb 0.72 
Fe 0.07 
Cu 0.25 
Ag 0.49 


Arsenical 
Pb 

99.28 87.60 
0.16 7.90 
traces 2.80 
0.05 traces 
0.25 0.40 
0.53 


Antimonial 

Pb 

90.76 87.60 
1.28 0.40 

7.31 11.60 
0.13 traces 
0.35 traces 


No. 6.— Treatment of Refining Crasses 
at Freiberg. 

Details of a Campaign. 

Crasses contain Pb. 60 to 70$ 

Length of campaign_... 179d. 

Pb from the ore. 1158.00t. 

mattes. 110.25t. 

u from oxydized products.. 710. 


100.61 100.27 98.70 99.83 99.60 

Pb with 6 to 8$ of As is worth 300f. 

“ 12 to 15$ of Sb “ 445f. 


Total Pb.1978.25t. 

Containing silver.7388.00k, 





















































48 


Obtained. 

Hard antimonial or arsenical Pb 17.93t. 
Refined silver Pb, containing 

7291.795k. silver.. 1779.25k 

Crasses with 60 to 70$ Pb con¬ 
taining 154.177t. Pb and 
91.477k. silver. 217.95t. 


Total, silver, 7384.265k. Pb 1951.3571. 


No. 7.— Quantity lost. 


Silver, 0.05$ or.3,789k. 

Pb, 1.36$ or.26,893 


No. 8 .—Expense for Special Refining. 

T , ^ j Founders, 371d.. . 677.00 
\ Laborers, 555d... 645.50 
•p i j Biturn, coal, 150t ....1997.00 
ue J / Wood 1.20t. lignite 3.10t. 58.00 

Blast engine. .... 68.00 

Repairs of furnaces & tools.... 395.50 

3841.OOf. 


No. 9 .—Expense for Refining It. 


Labor, 0.455d.0.668 

Fuel, 0.075t.1.040 

Blast engine. 0.034 

Repairs of furnace & tools.0.200 


1.942 


EXTRACTION OF SILVER. 


No. 1 .—Treatment of Galena in a 
Reverberatory Furnace. 


2000k. of PbS at 74.04$ Pb & 150g. Ag 
$ of Pb $ of Ag $ of Pb $Ag 


Extracted. 

Contained. 

Extracted. 

Contained. 

6.49 

20.40 

38.94 

69.6 

12.98 

35.58 

45.43 

74.11 

19.47 

48.40 

51.92 

18.72 

25.96 

57.72 

58.41 

82.27 

32.45 

65.5 

61.90 

85.14 


No. 2 .—Fractional Separation. 


Pb 

Ag 

Pb 

Ag 

100k. with 

47 lg. 

600k. with 

368g. 

200 “ 

411 

700 “ 

244 

300 “ 

370 

800 “ 

227 

400 “ 

333 

9«0 “ 

210 

500 “ 

304 

1000 “ 

196 


No. 3 .—Experiment in the Large Way. 


Wt. of ore. Yield in Pb Ag contains 
50,000k. 74.413$ 684g. per t. 



$ Pb 

by wt. 

Yield in Ag 

$ of Ag 

1st 

time. 

12.274 

1600 

26.729 

2d 

u 

12.399 

1272 

21.464 

3d 

u 

7.567 

1054 

10.850 

We 

t. crass 

67.758 

488 

41.007 


100.00 100.00 


No. 4.— Value of the Lead. 



Pb 


Ag 

Cost Increased 

produced. 

contained, extracting 

value. 

wt. 

title. 

grins. 

value. 

Ag 

100 

471 

47.1 

9.89 

4.20 

5.69 

200 

411 

82.2 

17.26 

8.40 

8.86 

300 

370 

11.1 

23.31 

12.60 

10.71 

400 

333 

13.3 

27.93 

16.80 

11.13 

500 

304 

15.2 

31.92 

21.00 

10.92 

600 

268 

16. 

33.60 

25.20 

8.40 

700 

244 

17. 

35.70 

29.40 

6.30 

800 

227 

18.2 

38.22 

33.60 

4.62 

900 

210 

18.9 

39.69 

37.80 

1.89 

1000 

196 

19.6 

41.16 

42.00 

0.00 


No. 5 .—Separation of Gold. 

1st Ag contains Au 0.000949 
2d « “ “ 0.000654 

3d “ “ “ 0.000511 


METHOD BY PATTINSONAGE. 

No. 1.— Calculation for the Number of 
Boilers. 

M=quantity of Pb 
P= “ “ poor Pb 

R= “ “ rich Pb 

a=yield of M in Ag 
b= “ P after n operations. 
c= “ R “ n' “ 

!M=P 4 M=R 

|M=P 4 M=R 

For the relation f, P=0.62a. R—1.76a 
For the relation P=0.714a. R=3a 
























49 


% 


After n' operations, 
Pn=(0.62) n a=b 
Rn'=(1.76) n 'a=c 
Generally b = 15 to 20g. the ton. 

“ 6=7,500,10,000 or 15,000grm. 

At Stolberg a=200g., b=20g., c=10k. 

The formula which is generally used for 
calculating the No. of operations is, 

log c 

n'=_ 

log q 

p=0.G2 q=1.76 

n=5. n'=7. n+n'=12 

b=(0.02) 5 x 200g. = 18g. which is lost. 
c=(1.76) 7 x 200g.=10,460g. in rich Pb 
If a=600, b=20g., c=T500g. 

No. of operations forf- & 11 to 12. 

“ “ “ £ & 1 12 to 13 

Ifa=500 to 600, b = 9, c=1500, Freiberg 
for -J-, n=ll to 12, n' =2, or 13 to 14 
operations. 

For -§-, n=16 to 17, n'=l, or 17 to 18 
operations. 


No. 2.— Shimmers. 

Length of handle. 3.20m. 

Diameter of iron stem... 0.045 

11 wooden “ ... 0.095 

Thickness of skimmer.. . 0.015 

Diameter u ... 0.40 to 0.50 

Depth “ .. .0.10 to 0.15 

Capacity u ... 120 to 150k. 

Diameter of holes. 0.012 

Distance between holes.. 0.002 

No. of circles of holes... 8 or 9 


No. 3 .—Molds for Pb. 

Poor. Rich. 

Length. 0.90 0.30 

Width. 0.11 0.11 


No. 4 .—Details of the Boilers. 

Height from ground.0.5G 

Diameter.1.70 

Thickness at bottom.0.05 

“ “sides.0.03to0.04 

Weight..... 1200k. 

Cost ... 375f. 

Old iron sold at lOf. the.... 100k. 

Width of crown. 0.32 

Weight “ 340k. 


For details of the operations, see the 
Lithographic Plate. 

9 boilers for 6t. require. 

Common brick. 150,000 

Firebrick... 10,000 

Fire Clay. 5t. 

2 boilers can work 50t. per month. 15 

to 20, with 18 men, can work400t., if 

25 working days are counted in a month. 


No. 5 .—Distribution of the Pb. 


Poor Pb at 2g.448t. 

Rich u 1041g. 4t. 


Pb of variable richness in boilers. 60t. 


512t. 


No. 6 .—Pure Pb at Stolberg. 
For 1000. 


Proof Pb at 17g. 960.8k. 

Rich “ 176 . 16.7 

Loss, 7 . 22.5 


200g 1000k. 


Loss in Pb is 2.25^ 

Loss in Ag 7+17=24g.=1.2^ 
When the Pb is impure the loss is 3.5^ 


No. 7 .—Law of Impoverishment. 
Assays give the following results. 


1 

2 

3 4 

12 

13 

14 

15 

g- 

g- 

g- g- 

g- 

g- 

g- 

g- 

1,570 

970 

650 450 

11 

5 2.5 

1.3 


Relations of the successive yields. 
0.62-0.67-0.69.0.45-0.50-0.52 


1.3=1.570 xx 14 
log, X= T V log T .V? o 
x=0.60 nearly. 

The Ag in the last crystalization at 
Freiberg is between 1.50 & 1.60k. 


No. 8.— Composition of the Poor Pb. 
Pure. Impure. 

Cu 0.05 to 0.1 
Fe 0.02 “ 0.5 
Sb&As 0.02 “ 0.1 


log b 

n=_ 

log p 


0.09 “ 0.7^ impurities. 








































50 


% 


No. 9 .—Expenses at Stolberg. 


(1.) Pattinsonage. 

Coal, 133k. at 10 . 2.13 

Labor, Id. “ 2.33.= ... 2.33 

Wear and tear of boilers. 2.00 


6.46f. 

(2) Cupellation of 16 to 17 of 

rich Pb at 50. 0.80 

(3) Reduction of 200k. of Grasses. 

For It. 

Coal, 150k. at 1G.2.40 

Labor, 0.90.0.90 

Repairs, &c.1.00 


4.30f. 0.86 

(4) Refining Pb. 

Coal, 80 at 16... .1.28 

Labor. .. 0.40 

Repairs, &c.0.32 


2.00f. 2.00 

(5) Loss, 35k. at 500f... 17.50 


27.62 

17.80 


9.82f. 


No. 10 .—Expenses at Bleiberg. 
Coal, 344 at 18.40.6.31 


Labor, 


Skimmers, 2.75 
Firemen, 6.8. 


5.12 


Revivification of 182k. of scoria. .1.41 

Wear & tear of boilers.1.21 

Sundries.0.94 


14.99f. 


No. 11 .—Expenses in England. 


Coal. 0.88 

Labor.11.91 

Sundries.26 


13.05 


No. 12.— Work at Freiberg. 

Work at the boilers. 153d. 

Sweating of the crasses- 22^d. 

Salary of workmen, pr. basin 1.6872f. 
No. of skimmings in 6 month, 5,712 
No. of skimmings in a day.. 37 to 38 


No. 13 —Results at Freiberg. 

Employed for pattinsonage. 

1779.25t. silver Pb from refining 

containing silver.7291.795k. 

301.16t. silver Pb from litharge 

containing silver. 140.250k. 

Obtained. 

1268.160t. commercial Pb 

461.185t rich silver Pb. 150gr. silver ^k. 

consequently it contains 7006.190k A 
393.150t crasses containing 377.000k. A 

and 339.796t. Pb 

Recapitulation. 

Lead. Silver. 

Employed.... 2081.410t. 7432.045k. 
Obtained. 2069.140 7383.190 


Lost. 12.270t. 48.855k. 

Loss f 0 . 0.59 0.657 


Useful effect of the Crystalization. 
Relation between the quality of poor & 
rich Pb obtained, and that really trans¬ 
ported by the workmen. 


1,729.345 

w = "' J 


1 

30 


No. 14 .—Special Expenses for the Pattin¬ 
sonage of 2081.46^. Silver Pb. 

Labor. 

Men working at boilers 5.508d. 9639.00 
Laborers for boilers 490d. wrk. 588.00 
for casting, cleaning 
carriage & wt. of Pb 964d. 1158.80 
Founders for sweating, 108d. 146.00 

Helpers, 230d. work. 276.00 

Fuel. 

Coal for boilers, 815.5t. 

Coal for sweating 17.4t. 

Lignite for basin, 45.4t. 

Fine coal, 93.6t .... 

Repairs. 

Labor on 12 boilers. 

Repairs to tools & furnaces.. 


27743.65f. 


10710.60 

231.25 

705.50 

936.00 


3054.50 

300.00 


bo bo. 












































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51 


No. 15.— Cost for the Pattinsonage of 
l£. Silver Ph. 

Labor, 3.507d .... 5.670 

1 Bitum. coal, 0.40Gt.5.257 

Fuel, •< Lignite, 0.022t. 0.340 

( Fine coal, 0.045t. 0.450 

Repairs. 1.611 


13.328f. 


No. 1G.— Comparison between Altenau 
and Freiberg. 

Altenau. 

Pb from ore & matte for pattin¬ 
sonage.0.8 to 1$ Sb 

Skimmings in 24h. 4 

4 skimmings cause the 

transportation of.55t. Pb 


Each boiler contains.., .11.250k. Pb 

No. of boilers. 13 

No. men at battery by post 8 

Average of silver in Pb 
for pattinsonage. 240 to 250g. 

Commercial Pb contains. 2g. 5$ arsenic. 

Amount of silver in rich Pb 
after pattinsonage. 580 to GOOgr. 

Time for crystalization & 
sweating of crasses at 
Altenau.. 42h. 

Freiberg. 

Time for crystalization & sweat¬ 
ing crasses at Freiberg, 28h. .3.507d. 

Or if previously refined, less than 32h. 
These differences are owing to the 
methods of working and to the differ¬ 
ent kinds of fuel used. 


CUPE ELATION. 


GERMAN METHOD. 


No. 1.— General Dimensions of the 
Furnaces. 

Diameter ..2.40 to 3 

Fireplace { Len " th . 1 to 120 

iMiepiace, j Width . 0 .50 to 0.55 

Height of litharge hole_0.60 to 0.70 

Charge. 8 to lOt. 

Air per minute.0.05 to O.lOc.m. 

Hearth. 


Clay. 1 

Carbonate of lime. 3 to 4 

Thickness in centre. 0.10 

“ border..". 0.20 

Inclination. 0.25 

At Freiberg. 

Greater axis of furnace.270 

Smaller “ “ .250 

At Viallas. 

Diameter of the hearth_2.30 

Depth of u “ .0.25 to 0.30 

Greatest height roof above 

hearth. 1 to 1.10 

Width of fireplace.0.40 to 0.50 

Length “ .2.00 

Grate below bridge.0.40 to 0.45 

3 Openings for vapors.0.20 x 0.25 

Flues “ “ . 0.10x0.20 


No. 2.— Litharge. 


Pb. 

Red. 

Yellow. 

_98.17 

97.81 

Cu. 

.. . . 0.11 

0.09 

Fe. 

.... 0.08 

0.12 

£1. 

. . 0.09 

0.12 

As & Sb. 

.... 0.36 

0.47 

C . 

.... 0.74 

0.62 

Residues. 

.... 0.15 

0.17 


99.80 

99.40 


No. 3. —Litharge Mould. 


Length. 0.70 

Width. 0.45 

Depth. 0.40 

Weight of cake. 750k. 


No. 4.— Time for the Operation at 


Viallas. 

Fusion. . lOli. 

Production of abzugs... 7 

“ u abstricks. 6 

Dirty litharges.. 2 

Red & yellow litharges. 28 


Taking out Ag and cooling.... 0.75 


53.75h. 























































I 


ro 

06 


In general........ 52 to 561i. 

Taking out hearth. 12 

Breaking hearth, weighing Ag 8 

58 to 75h. 

Pb oxydized in lh.120 to 150k. 


No. 5 .—Products for It. of Pb Cupelled 


at Viallas. 

Impure Ag..3.710k. 

Red litharge. 102 

Yellow “ 520 

Dirty “ 25 

Fuel used. 268 


No. G.— Cost for It. of Pb Cupelled. 

Marl. 6.00 

Labor. 5.21 

Preparing litharges . 0.42 

Prime to workmen. 1.71 

-p i j Cupellation, 0.268 . 5.64 

ue ’ ) Engine, 0.200. 4.30 

Wear & tear of tools . 0.71 

“ u furnace. 0.34 

Sundries. 0.50 


No. 2 .—Length of Operation. 


Making hearth.. 3h. 

Heating’furnace. 9 

Fusion. 2 

Fining. 8 

Cooling & taking out cake. 2 


24h. 

Diam. of spoon for casting Ag.. 0.20 

“ cake of Ag.0.25 

Weight “ k - . 10k. 

Title of the Ag.0.997 

Cost of refining lk. Ag. 0.025f. 

Coal for It. of Ag. 600k. 


No. 3.— Separation of Pi, 1862. 

Cupel debris treated.1.136t. 

Time. OOd. 

Days’labor._.. 231 

Coal used... 5t. 

HC1 3.015t. at .'.46.80 

Total expenses. 655f. 

Obtained. 

Refined Bi. 192k. 

Sold at 15f. for lk. 2,080f. 


Residue at 40$ Pb & 4.162$ Ag 106k. 
No. 4 .—Expenses in the Hartz. 


It. Pb gives Pb 960 & Ag 1.25g. 




Pb 

Poor litharge, 

666 at 90$ 

599 

Rich “ 

122 at 88$ 

107 

Abzugs & abstrickslOO at 83$ 

83 

Cupel bottoms, 

133 at 70$ 

93 

A cr 

1.25 



1022.25 

822k. 

Marl for hearth, 

33 Loss in 

Pb, 78 


9.89 

900 


960 of Pb corresponds to 1034 litharge. 
38.70 of foreign metals 50 of “ 


There should he of oxydes 1084 
There are only 988 


Loss by volatilization, 96 

78k. of Pb volatilized gives 84 litharge. 


12k. 

12k. is too small, 78k. is too large. 


- 24.83f. 

No. 7 .—Products at Freiberg. 
Quantity of Pb cupelled.... 17t. 

Abzugs. lOOt. 

Red litharge at 5 to 7$ of Ag 

to 100.. 1.5 to 3t. 

Yellow litharge at 10 to 40$ 

of Ag to 100. 12 to 14t. 

Debris cupellation at 60$ Pb 

& 25$ Ag. 2 to 2.4t. 

Ag at 96.5$ .0.220 to 0.225t. 

Length of operation.... 72h 

No. 8 .—Expense at Freiberg. 

T , j Cupelle. 1.50 

Labor > \ Laborers . 1.25 

Wood, per 1st. to 0.9 st.0.30 to 0.33 

Repairs furn. 20.90 pr It. Pb 1.23 

u tools, 10.25 u 0.06 

REFINING THE SILVER. 

No. 1 .—Dimensions of Refining Furnace. 

Length of hearth . 1.10 

Width “ . 1 

Fireplace.0.45 x 0.55 

Height of arch above bridge 0.75 

Diam. of tuyeres.0.018 

Height of tuyeres to metal.. 0.025 
Charge. It. 


































































53 


No. 5.— For It. 


Labor, 180. 

Fuel, 340 at 17.... 
Marl & repairs , 

. 3.20 

. 5.87 

3.52 


12.50 

Value of Pb lost.. .. 

.... 45 to 50 


57.5 to 62.50 

General expense.... 

... .17.5 to 12.50 


75.0 75.00 


No. 6 .—Expenses at Tarnoioitz. 
It. Pb gives Pb 992 & Ag 200g. 


Poor litharge, 889 at 92$.818 

Abstricks & abzugs 21 “ 85$. 18 

Cupel bottoms, 180 u 65$.117 

Ag, 0.5 

O 7 


1090.5 Pb & Ag 953 

Marl of hearth, 54 Loss of Pb 39 

1036.5 992 

992 of Pb corresponds to 1069 litharge. 

7.5 of foreign metals, 10 oxydes. 

1079 

Oxydes obtained, 1036 

43 

39 Pb volat’zd corresponds 42 litharge. 

1 


No. 7.— General Resume. 

Labor cupellation & revivification 2.80f. 

Marl & repairs. 1.50 

Loss of 45k. at 500f.22.50 


29.72f. 

Pb with 15 to 18g. may therefore be 
cupelled. 


No. 8 .—Treatment at Freiberg. 
Employed for extraction of silver. 

Silver. 

461.185t. Pbfrpatin’ge, cont. 7006.190k. 
225.400t. “ smelt’g rich ore,1741.000k. 

0.304t. silver ore (pure ore) 


containing. 199.2021c. 

686.889t. 8946.3921c. 


. No. 9 .—Products Obtained. 
81.0501. red commercial lith. 

Pb Ag 
76.585t. 

10.950t. abzugs. 7.675t. 18.9251c. 

550.500L lith. redu.47 8.935t. 160.2151c. 
70.400t. cupel bot. 42.240t. 17.600k. 
9046.631c. cake Ag .967 
Cake refined produces: 

8753.76k. refin’d Ag 9.972 8729.312k. 

0.381t. cupel bottoms 6.8201c. 


Total,. 605.43ft. 8932.872k. 


No. 10 .—Loss of Metals. 

Silver, 14.520k. or 0.162$ of the metal 
contained in the ore. 

Pb, 81.150t. or 11.82$ of the weight 
of the alloy cupelled, if the Ag con¬ 
tained in the alloy is deducted. 

Loss of Pb = 72.20t. or 10.65$ of metal 
contained in the ahoy. 

The extraction of Ag has required 

Number of cupellations.... 41 

Time for ah the cupellations. 2764h. 

“ one “ 67 to 68h. 

The revivifying the Ag has taken 8 
campaigns of 12h. each. 


No. 11 .—Expense for these Two Opera¬ 
tions. 

1st for the Cupellation. 

Cupell’rs 336 posts, 8h.1020.90f. 
Helpers, . “ “ 850.75 

Primes for 86t. red lith. 43.00 
Laborers for transpor¬ 
tation, 276d.331.20 

Wood, 128t.3156.50 

Shavings, 16.7t. 167.00 

engine. 199.00 


Labor. 


Fuel. 

Blast 


Repairs of furnace & tools.... 900.00 


6668.35f. 








































54 


2d for refining Silver. 


Labor 


223.OOf. 


Coal, 9.9t.134.10 


"Rlipl < > .. 

' l Charcoal, 0.13t . 17.10 

Repairs. 49.50 


423.70f. 


No. 12. —Expense for both Operations 
on It. 

Labor, 1.330d. 3.595f. 

•T-, , j Wood, 0.211t.. 4.838 

ue ‘ ( Coal & charcoal, 0.013t.. 0.220 

Blast engine. 0.289 

Repairs of furnaces & tools.... 1.383 


10.325f. 


ENGLISH CUPELLATION. 

No. 1 .—Details of English Cupel 
Furnace. 


No. 2.— Cost in England , 

(. Newcastle .) 

Labor. 

.... 5.26 

Coal, 4 quint. 

.714 


.... 2.00 

En S me - ( Fuel. 

.914 

Ashes for cupel. 

.367 

Bone ash. 

_3.883 

Repairs. 

.52 


13.658f. 

No. 3.— Cost in General . 

Coal, 150 at 7.50. 

_ 1.12 

Labor, 1.5 at 1.20. 

.... 4.20 

Accessories .... . 

.... 2.00 

Loss Pb 76k. at 500. 


Cost of purifying litharges 

.... 4.50 


46.82f. 


Fireplace.0.G0 x 0.75m. 

Width bridge.0.45 

Height of oval ring.0.12 

Major axis of “ .1.20 

Minor “ 11 .0.90 

Size of bottom bars.0.11 x 0.012 

Fuel used for It. rich Pb. 4quint. 

Pressure of blast, 0.01 to 0.015m. of Hg 
No. common brick for construction. 2000 

“ fire brick. 2000 

Fireclay. 1.500t. 


No. 4.— Details of Production of It. of 
Ore. 


It. ore produces roasted ore.850k. 

“ “ Hard Pb.420 * 

Soft Pb.3G0 

Rich Pb. 99 


Crasses & litharges. 18.5 


SEPARATION OF SILVER BY ZINC. 


REDUCTION OF THE LITHARGES, &c. 


TREATMENT IN REVERBERATORY FURNACE. 

No. 1.— England. 


Length hearth.2.40m. 

Width “ ..1.50 

Pb produced in 24h. 4500k. 

Fuel used “ . 1000k. 

No. of men. 2 

Cost for It. litharges. lOf. 


No. 2.— Expenses in North England. 

Coal, 150 at lGf.. 2.40 

Labor, 0.33“ 2.50. 0.83 

Repairs. 0.79 


Labor. 3.20 

Coal. 0.55 

Repairs. 0.17 


3.92f. 


No. 3. —Expenses at Viallas. 


Charcoal, 83k. at 4Gf. .4.98 

Coal, 117 “ 21.50.2,51 

Labor, 0.75“ 1.75.1.31 

Repairs.0.25 


9.05f. 


4.OOf. 































































55 


No. 4.— Belgium. 


1000k. litharges produce Pb.804.40 

Crasses at 48$.211.30 

Quantity treated in 24h. 5 to 6t. 

Fuel per It. 325k. 

Direct yield.80.44$ 

Total yield.90.80$ 


No. 5 .—Refining Furnace-. 

1000k. litharge produces Pb_787 

Residues at 52$ .250 

Fuel used.344k. 

Total yield.'. 91.7$ 

. Quantity in 24h.1500 to 1000 

Cost of revivification. 6.50f. 


TREATMENT IN A SHAFT FURNACE. 

No. 1.— Silesia. 


Height of furnace . 

. 1.50m. 

Quantity reduced in 24h. 

15t. 

Pb produced. 

. 88$ 

Crasses produced at. 

• 12$ 

Pb extracted from crasses.... 

3$ 

No. 2. — Harts. 


Scorias against tuyere. . 

10k. 

Charcoal u breast. 

12.5k. 

Litharge in back corners.. .. 

87.0k. 

Campaign lasts...56 to 63h. 

works. 

82.800k* 

In 24 hours’ charge . 

30.000 

Charcoal . 

11$ 

Cost per ton litharge . 

lOf. 

Losses in Pb . 

2$ 

No. 3. — Furnace at Freiberg.'- 

Pb to be refined. 


Height furnace . 

. 2.28m. 

Quantity treated in 24h . 

. 45t. 

Product contains Pb . 

. 90$ 

No. tappings . 

. 20 

Men for 24h . 

8 

Pb not to be refined. 


Height of furnace . 

2.28 

No. of men . 

5 

Litharge treated in 24h . 

25 1 . 

Litharge from the last part of cupellation. 

Quantity litharge for 24h .... 

15t. 

Old scorias . 

10$ 


Scoriasofrevivificationcont’n 25.30$ Pb 


No. 4.— Working Scorias 


Quantity treated. 100 

Pyrites added. 3 

Work in 24h. 5t. 

Scorias produced contain.3$ Pb 


No. 5 .—Treatment of Al)strides. 

Puddling scorias.. 24$ 

Scoria from same operation. 30 to 40$ 
Pb produced contains Sb.. 18 to 24$ 

Scoria & debris contain Pb. 12 to 14$ 
Loss by volatilization. 5.65$ 


No. G.— Treatment of Patinsonage 
Crasses. 

Stolberg. 

Crasses with Pb. 90 to 95$ 

Charges in 24h... lOt. 

Fuel used... 15 to 20$ 

No. of men. 2 

Altenau. 

The 100k. of Pb produce. 

Rich crasses wh. go to cupell’n 17.29$ 
Poor u “ revivifi’n 1G.35$ 

Loss in poor crasses.12 to 13$ 

Loss of Pb contained. 2.012$ 

Yield of crasses in furnace.... 90 to96$ 


No. 7 .—Details of Ove-ration. 

Pb Ag 

1224.25t. pre’g op. 1022.822t, 665.218k. 
111.525t. “ “ 68.195t. 110.530k. 

50t. of old scorias 1.300t. 40. k. 
18.4t. of ore as flux 2.655t. 1.895k. 


1404.21 ch. cont,. 1094.212t. 782.395k. 
Obtained. 

Pb Ag Cu 
Pb for refining 720t. 653k. 

u patin’ge 302.16 140.25k. 

Matte, 37.875 15.50 11.362k. 6.222t. 

Scorias, 271.405 3$ 


132 It. prod. 

contain 1035.452t. 804.612k. 6.222t. 

Loss in Pb. 58.760t. or5.37$ 

Excess Ag over Assay 22.217k. or 2.84$ 



























































56 


No. 8.— Expenses. 


Roasting, 22d. 33.00 

Smelters & chargers, 1288d . .2282.00f. 

Laborers, 47d. 56.4 

Coal for roasting 27t.3Gf. 

Charcoal for fusion 182t... .4368.00 
Stamping 2051. of matte .... 18.25 

Blast engine . 248.65 

Repairs to furn. & tools.291.60 


73S4.00f. 

For It. of charge. 


Labor, 0.952. 1.688f. 

Coal, 0.002. 0.026 

Coke, 0.129. 3.111 

Blast engine A stamps. 0.190 

Repairs to furnace A tools. 0.028 


5.223f. 


No. 9.-— Recapitulation. 

For refining. 

Silver Pb. 1268.25t. 

From revivification. 710.00t. 

For pattinsonage. 

Refined Pb. 1779.41 

Pb from revivification. 302.16 

For cupellation. 

From patinsonage. 461.185t. 

Pb from rich ore. 225.401. 

Pb from Ag ore used. 0.3043t. 

For revivification. 

Oxydes & scorias. 1404.00 

All this material contains, 

Ag. 8792.437k. 

Pb. . 1565.0401. 


No. 10. —Products Obtained. 
Pb with As & Sb. 17.930t. 


Pure Pb.1268.160t. 

Red litharge. 81.050t. 

Matte .. ... 37.870t. 

Scorias with 3# of Pb... .271.405 

Refined Ag.875,3761. 

Debris of cupellation.3811. 

These materials contain. 

Ag. 8747.494k. 

Pb. 1385.9451. 

Loss. 

Ag, 44.943k. or. 0.511# 


Pb, 179.0781. or. 11.442# 


.No. 11.— Cost of all the Operations. 

Fining Pb. 


Labor, 0.592. 

. 0.884 

Fuel, 0.099t. 

. 1.373 

Blast engine... 

. 0.045 

Repairs to tools & furnaces... 

. 0.265 


2.571 

Pattinsonage. 


Labor, 4.885d. 

. 7.898f. 

Coal, 0.565t. 

. 7.323 

Lignite, 0.03 It. 

. 0.474 

Fine coal, 0.063t . 

. 0.672 

Repairs to furnaces & tools... 

. 2.244 


18.566f. 

Cupellation & Refining Ag. 

Labor, 0.687d. 

. 1.650f. 

Wood, 0.096t. 

. 2.222 

Coal, 0.059t. 

. 0.101 

Blast engine... 

. 0.132 

Repairs to furnace & tools.... 

. 0.634 


4.739f. 

Revivification of litharges, 

Ac. 

Labor, 0.894. 

. 1.587 

Coal, 0.002. 

. 0.024 

Coke, 0.122. 

. 2.925 

Blast engine, stamps, Ac. 

. 0.179 

Repairs to furnace A tools.... 

. 0.195 

% 

4.910 

No. 12 .—Total Cost of It. of Pb. 

Labor, 7.056. 

.12.019 

Coal, 0.756. 


Coke, 0.185... . 

. 3.552 

Wood, 0.096. 

. 2.222 

Blast A stamps. 

. 0.356 

Repairs to furnace A tools.... 

. 3.338 

Cost for It. silver Pb. 

.30.7866 


No. 13.— Loss. 

Ag Pb 

For It. silver Pb.30g. 120k. 

Average price metals, 1862. 222.5 435 

Price of material lost_6.67f. 52.20f. 

Total loss.58.87 

Cost of treatment.30.79 


Excess loss above cost.28.08 




<Lr 




































































« 


57 


CONDENSATION OF V 
Ah. 1 .—Experiments at Corplialie. 


Length.Interior Friction Height Useful 
volume, surface, cbim’y. effect, 
m. c.m. s.m. m. <f 0 
Old conduit 819 1815 4765 100 15.35 
New “ 995 2826 7609 100 25.95 


No. 2 .—Ratio between the No. of Nil. 
Condensed & . Condensible. 


Malden. 

Length of canal. 

Capacity of 1st chamber. 
“ ' 2d “ 

“ 3d “ 


Chimney connecting 1 & 2 

2 & 3 


U 


. .180m. 

. .849c.m. 
1482c.m. 
G330c.m. 
,. 46m. 

... 37m. 


Chimney of general delivery.. 61m. 


No. 3.— Quantity of S in Vapors. 

Vapors of fusion furn. to vol. 
“ roasting stall, “ 

u muffle ..... 11 

At 10m. frm chimneys, xoio o 

60 to 70. . . . ..TOWO 

With a wind. tWooo' 

At 100m . .icToMo? 

Quantity necessary to 
injure vegetation. 


*! 

— Volatile 

Products 

at Alston 


Moor. 



P 

10.2 



PbS 

65.6 



Fe 

3.4 



Zn 

13.8 



PbS 

1.4 



Si 

5.6 


Ah. 5— 

Volatile Products at Pontgibaud. 


Outside 

1st con- 

Ventilation 


deposit. 

densation arch, chamber. 

Pb 

10.0 

66.5 

3.7 

PbS 

47.0 


13.0 

Pb 



55.4 

As 


1.1 

1.5 

Fe 


3.0 

13.0 

Zn 

10.0 

12.0 

3.1 

S 



8.9 

s 

33.0 

17.0 



OLATILE PRODUCTS. 

No. G.— Volatile Products of Roasting 
Furnace at Pontgibaud. 



1 

9 

hj 

Pb 

11.0 


PbS 

60.0 

39.0 

As 

* 2.0 

1.5 

Fe 

12.0 

1.5 

Zn 

15.0 

2.7 

PbC 

15.0 

35.0 

ZnS 

15.0 

2.3 

PbS 

15.0 

4.5 

S 

15.0 

13.2 


No. 7, 


Volatile Products at Clausthal. 

Pb 
PbS 
Pb 


Fe 

Sb & As 
Zn 
Fe 
Zn. 

S 

BAs 
C & 0 

c 

PaS 


18.0 

2.9 

35.8 

1.0 

0.5 

1.0 

4.5 

1.5 
7.8 

2.5 
7.7 
2.5 

12.3 


No. 8.— Agglomeration. 

Quantity treated.34,700k. 

Fuel used.9400k. 

Labor. 28d. 

Cost... 6.25f. 

Quantity in 24h.2,000to 2,500k. 

“ agglomerated ma¬ 
terial produced 27,211k. 

Loss in Pb, Shaft furn. .10.8$ 

“ “ Rev.11.67$ 

Cost of fusion. 14.47 

Making bricks per ton. 

Labor.75 

Lime, 0.45c.m. at 7.50. 3.37 

4.12 

1000k. make of bricks 1400k. 


























58 


Treatment. 


Coke, 20$ 

Forged scorias 74$ 

Cost of fusion.27.25 


81.49 

Cost of agglomeration.. 17.09 


13.88 

No. 9. —AgglomeratedVolatile Products 


at Conjians. 
Pb 42.6 

PbS 39.0 


No. 10.— Agglomeration in Eev. Furn. 

Quantity treated.67,565k. 

Fuel used.18,000k. 

Labor.60d. 

Cost... 6.25 

Quantity in 24h.4500 

Material produced.52,365k. 

Contain Pb.. 44.25$ 

Agglomerated prod’ts cont. Pb 53$ 

Loss in weight.. 23$ 

Loss in Pb charged. 3.25$ 

Pb condensed... 7.7 $ 


No. 13.— Condensation of the Volatilt 
Products at Freiberg. 

In lh. an English roasting furn. pro¬ 
duces 25k. of sulphur, coi responding 
to 50k. of sulphuric acid. 

To saturate 50k. of S requires 44k. of 
lime or 350 litres of lime water. 

Theoretically to saturate 1200k. of £ in 


24h. requires 

BaS. 2,950k. 

BaS. 2,100k. 

Litres of water...11,950 

In practice. 

Bag.. 4,500k. 

Litres of water.30,000 


No. 14. —Apparatus for Condensation. 
(2 buildings.) 

Each building contains 6 galleries. 


Height of the canal. 2.50m. 

Width . “ . . 1.50m. 

No. of galleries juxtaposed.... 6 

Height of each gallery. 4 m. 

Width “ . 1.10m. 

Length of all the galleries.75 m. 


No. 11.— Treatment in Shaft Furnace. 


Puddled scoria. 

Coke .... ..; . 

Scorias containing Pb 


35$ 
15$ 
1 to 2$ 


No. 15.— Product of 3 Months. (1863.) 

Arsenical fumes....72t. 

Containing Ag. 8g. 

Pb.3.5$ 


No. 12.— Volatile Products at Freiberg. 

Pb 27.9 

Pbg 13.0 

A’s 2.1 

£n 49.5 

Co 7.0 


No. 16.— Apparatus for Condensation 
at Halsbruclee. 


Width of gallery. 1.42m. 

Height “ .. 2.30m. 

Width near chimney.5.70m. 










































59 


TREATMENT OF ORES OF SILVER. 

1. FUSION WITH LEAD, OR LEAD ORES. 

2. AMALGAMATION. 

3. TREATMENT IN THE WET WAY. 


1. FUSION OF LEAD ORES AT FREIBERG. 
TREATMENT. 

(1.) Roasting. 

(2.) (a) Fusion of Ores. 

(b) Concentration of mattes. 

(c) Treatment of Scorias. 

Shaft Furnace. 
Reverberatory Furnace. 
(3.) Treatment of the Lead Mattes. 

(a) 1st Fusion. 

(b) 2d Fusion. 

(c) Treatment of Scorias. 


(1.) ROASTING. 


No. 1 .—-Methods of Roasting. 

• Rectangular Pile. 

Height.. 1.50m. 

Width at base.... ... •. . 2m. 

Used for pyritiferous ores &; scoria matte. 

Wellner’s pile. 

Height of chimney from.2.30 to 2.50m. 

Diameter 11 .0.40 

Quantity of ore. . ....... 30 to 50t. 

Used for pyritiferous ore & scoria mattes. 
Wellner’s stall. 


-r, ,, (Length...3.70m. 

Boltom, | Incl f nation . T i_ 

Thickness of the wall.0.80 

Dimensions of ore, 3 or 4cen. in diam. 
“ matte, 4 or 6 u 

Time for lighting fire. 13tol6h. 

Capacity of the stall. 45 to 60t. 

Time of roasting. 8 to 10 w. 

S remaining after roasting... 8 to 10$ 

Used for pyritiferous ores & scoria matte. 

Kilns. 


Height. 1.50m. 

Upper base.1. 

Lower u .0.50 


Used for pyritiferous ore in pieces, or 
for fine or agglomerated ores when B 
is made. 


No. 2 .—Details of Roasting (1862.) 


Length of campaign. 182d. 

Ore treated. 772t. 

Labor (days of 8h.). G18d. 

Shavings & wood. 50c.m. 


No. 3.— Cost for Roasting It. 

Shavings for fire. 0.66m. 

Days’ work. 0.80 

Cost .... 1.24f. 


No. 4.— Cost for the Agglomeration in 
Bricks. 

Ditum. & fine coal, 0.184t. 1.98 


Sulphuric acid (66°) 0.022t. at50f. 1.10 
Calcareous marl, 0.044t. “ 15f. 0.66 

Labor. 

4.83d. for agglomeration, at If.. 4.83 
O.lld. transportation at 1.20... , 0.13 


Cost.... 8.70f. 


No. 5 .—Roasting in Reverberatory 
Furnaces with 1 Hearth. 

Used for fine ores & pulverized mattes. 


Hungarian Furnaces. 


Hearth, 

( length. 

\ width. 

.. .2. 


English Furnaces. 


Hearth, 

( length .. 

) width.. 

...4. 

Height of arch in the middle. 

.. .0.47 

u 

u at side. 

...0.28 

Charge of the furnace. 

. . . 1000k. 


') 


No. 6.— Quantity of Ore Roasted by 2 
Workmen in 8 h. 


Ordinary Pb ore. 1234k. 

Ore containing Cu or Blende .. 1000k. 

Fuel consumed in 24h. 

Bitum. coal. 0.9t. 

n , v Bitum. coal....,, . 0.50 

r ’ \ fine coal. 0.45 









































GO 


No. 7 .—Expense for Boasting 1/. in 
Beverberatory Furnace. 

Labor, 2.133d. 3.20b 


Fuel, 0.252t. 3.20 

Repairs of furnace & tools. 1.00 

Cost. 7.40f. 


No. 8 .—Beverberatory Furnace icith 
2 Hearths. 


Used only for lead ores. 


Fireplace. 

1.30m 

:. x 0.50m 

Hearths.. 

2.85 

x 1.37 

Upper hearth.. 

1.71 

x 3.G1 

Height of lower hearth 


. 0.57 

u u upper “ 


. 0.35 

Partition between 2 fur 

naces. 

. 0.14 

Door of the $ height. 


.. 0.25 

lower hearth, ( width . 


..0.15 


Gas from muffle contains 1$ of S 


Lead ore. 

Charge. 500 to 5501c. 

Thickness of bed.0.05 to 0.06m. 

Time in furnace. 4 to 4fh. 

Coal consumed in 24h. 6501c. 

Sulphur in ore after roasting, 4.5 most. 
Pay of men for 8h. 1.50f. 

Shape of the Rable. 

Length... 0.12m. 

Width .. 0.0S 

Length of iron rod. 8 

“ wooden handle. 1 


No. 9.— Cost for Boasting. 

For 4.3791. For It. 
Labor, 9.490 at 1.50f. 14235.00f. 3.27f 
{ coal, -858.42t. 114G4.00 ) 0 Aor 
Fue M lignite, S6.00t. 1336.45 1 ' 3 ' 

Repairs furn. & tools, 2272.00 0.52f. 


29507.45f. 6.72f. 


(a) FUSION OF ORES. 

No. 1 .—Double Furnaces for Fusion of 


Fb Ore. 

m. 

Height from throat to tuyere. 4 

“ tuyere to crucible 0.43 

Width at the tuyeres. 1.71 

at rustine. 1.14 

Depth. 1.21 


Dimensions at the throat. 0.74-0.57-0.8G 
Distance between tuyeres.. . 0.71 

Pressure of blast....0.02Gm.Hg 


No. 2.— Charge. 

Ore.100$ 

Roasted matte. 50$ 

Fluor. 4 $ 

Scoria containing Pb, crasses, &c. 150$ 
Coke consumed for 100 ore. 46 to 50$ 
Box for charging contains.. 28 to 29k. 
Basket for coke u .. 10k. 

Regular length of nose .. .0.10 to 0.15m 

Alternate charge. 

1 basket coke. 1 basket coke. 

2 boxes of charge. 4 boxes of charge. 

Yolume of air=4-§- to 5c.m. in 1 minute. 


No. 3.— Work in 24//. 

Good working. 

Ore. 3000k. 

Roasted matte. 1500k. 

Scorias.4500 to 5000k. 


, 9000 to 9500k. 

Coke. 1400k. 

But often : 

Ore...2 or 2^t. 

Roasted matte..1 or l^t. 

Workmen for a double furnace. 

Time 

Workmen. No. of work. Salary. 

Founder, 1 12h. 0.50f. for lOOk.'ore. 
Filler, 1 “ “ 

Cinderman, 1 u 11 


No 4 .—Products in 24 li. 

Silver Pb..'..800 to 1050k. 

Matte... .400 to 500 lc. 

No. of tappings in24h.. 4 

Wt. of the pig Pb. 15 to 16k. 
















































Cl 


No. 5 .—Analysis of Scorias. 


Mulde. Halsbrucke. 


Si 

29.738 

27.05 

26.742 

28.14 

X\ 

0.210 

6.85 

3.164 

5.78 

Fe 

49.104 

41.21 

39.937 

37.23 

Mn 

Mg 

2.120 

0.127 

0.90 

( 3.571 
j 1.053 - 

j- 0.63 

Ca 

5.660 

8.84 

5.458 

7.68 

Ba 




3.87 

Pb 

4.685 

3.90 

4.736 

7.35 

2n 

7.602 

8.62 

13.235 

7.60 

Cu 

0.516 

1.00 

0.937 

0.50 

S 

1.956 

3.53 

3.782 

2.47 

X 



0.096 


Total, 

101.718 

101.90 

102.611 : 

101.25 

Oxygen 





for sulph. 

0.978 

1.76 

1.891 

1.23 


100.740 : 

101.14 

100.720 

100.02 


No. G .—Analysis of Scorias. 

Very quick descent 



Common working of. 

the charges. 


1 

2 

1 

2 

Si 

28.54 

30.5 

35.16 

43.26 

£1 

5.4 

5.1 

1.06 

3.2 

Ca 

8.31 


5.96 

5.41 

Mg 

traces. 



0.71 

Fe 

46.1 

55.74 

38.25 

33.15 

Mn 

... 

2.2 



Pb 

4.12 

4.0 

7.11 

5.64 

Ba 

1.0 




2n 

3.1 

0.85 

8.06 

7.83 

Cu 

traces. 


0.73 

0.61 

S 

1.00 


3.30 

0.32 

3 

2.43 




No. 7 

.—Average 

of the Amount of 


Metals in 100 A of Scorias. 

Ag .. 




29.04 g. 

Pb 




4.916k. 

Cu ... 




0.403k. 


(b) CONCENTRATION OF THE MATTES. 

No. 1 .—Fusion of the Mattes. 
Proportion. 

Mattes. 

Scorias . 

Castings in 24h. / to 9 


No. 2 .—General Composition of the 
Matte. 


S 

18$ 

Fe 

37$ 

Pb 

31$ 

Cu 

5$ 

Ag 

140gr. 


No. 3 —Analysis of the Matte. 



Mulde. 

Ilalsbriicke. 

s, 

19.852 

22.847 

Pb, 

Fe, 

Cu, 

Ni, 

Co, 

Zn, 

23.283 

21.816 

36.017 

37.202 

15.277 

12.944 

| 2.329 

0.544 

0.136 

1.439 

Ag, 

0.121 

0.099 

As, 

1.248 

0.731 

Sb, 

0.849 

0.718 


98.912 

98.340 


No. 4 .—Analysis of the Mattes. 


Matte not 

Matte. 

Matte concentrated 


‘ repassed. 

repassed 

for copper. 

Pb 

31.10 

20.25 

24.8 

Fe 

37.47 

27.05 

15.2 

Cu 

4.81 

27.614 

36.2 

Zn 

2.75 

0.231 


Ag 

0.14 

0.117 

0.16 

As 

1.28 

0.650 


Sb 

1.00 

1.005 


S 

17.55 

21.314 

21.00 

C 

1.2 



Ni 

1.96 

1.01 

2.64 






















G2 


No. 5.— Results. 





Containing 


Employed. 

Wt. 

Ag 

Pb 

Cu 

Lead ore,. 

3680 t. i 




Poor ore.. 

669.5t. [ 

6880.45k. 

1569.66,t. 

1.99t. 

Ore containing Cu. 

25.5t. ) 




Total of ore. 

4375.OOt, 




Roasted matte. 

2122t. 

2865k. 

106t. 

42.44t. 

Materials volatilized in roast’g. 

2 It. 




Grasses. 

6t, 




Obtained. 





Rich silver Pb. 

225.40t. 

772.4g. 



Ordinary silver Pb.. 

1158.00t. 

521.9g. 



Total. 

1383.40t. 

7785k. 



Matte containing Pb. 

206.05t. 

250g. 

25 f 0 

W 

Speiss containing Ag. 

3.50t. 

50g. 


2 fc 

Scorias. 

4897.3t. 

1422k. 

240.60t. 

19.74-t. 



9724.00k. 

1675.50t. 

44.40t. 


No. 6.— Recapitulation. 

A g Pb Cu 

Employed, 9745^85k. 1676.46t. 44.43t. 
Obtained, 9724.00 1675.50 44.40 


No. 7 .—Expenses for this Operation. 

Fluor. 19.45t. 

Coke.2016.00t. 

Coal. 123t. 

Charcoal ,. lGc.m. 

Workmen, 1st class. 12.443d. 

“ 2d “ . 4.541d. 


No. 9.— Cost of the Operation for It. of 
Charge. 

i Inspect. & found., 1.778d. 3.415f. 
Labor, roasters, 0.136d. at 1.50f. 0.204 
( laborers, 0.612d. at 1.20f. 0.734 
-n i j coke, 0.310t. char’l, 0.36k. 7.075 
Ue ’ } coal for roasting, 0.119t. 0.222 
Flux, 0.0031., Fluor, 17.70t.... 0.005 

Blast engine & stamps.0.56G 

Repairs of furnaces & tools.... 0.891 


13.160f. 


No. 8.— Cost of this Operation. 

(2d 6 months 1862.) 

Labor. 

Inspector, 129d. at2.25f. . 

Founders & fillers, 11434d.. . 

Matte roasters, 880d. at 1.50f. 

Laborers, 3964d. at 1.2Of.. 4,737 


290f. 
21,876 
1,320 


Fuel. 

Ordinary coke, 1569t. at24f... 

G-as Coke, 447t. at 18f.. 

Charcoal, 2.4t. 

Coal, 123t. 

Flux, fluor, 19.45t. at 17.70f. 

Blast engine . 

Stamping the matte. 

Repairs of furnaces & tools.. 


37,656 

8,046 

240 

1.441 

345 

2,242 

1,420 

5,777 


85,390f. 


(c) TREATMENT OF SCORIAS. 

No. 1 .—Furnace for Fusion. 


Fireplace... 1.05 x 1.05 

Bridge.... 1.05x0.71 

Distance fr bridge to hearth. 0.28 

iL “ grate . 0.66 

“ grate to ash-pit. 1.56 

Dimensions of hearth.3.70 x 2.29 

Inclination u . 0.14 

Width of working door. 0.38m. 

Height of chimney. 17m. 

Composition of the hearth. 

Siliceous scorias. 1 

Quartz. 5 















































63 


No. 2.— Charge. 

Ore & scoria cont’ng Pb. .750k. 

Koasted ore...400 to 450k. 

Ore not roasted.300 to 350k. 

Dimensions of the rable. 

0.20m. x 0.06m. x 0.08m. 

Discs of mattes.220 to 230k. 

Charge for 24h. 

7 charges of 750k. ore. 5250k. 

Scorias containing Pb. 5250k. 

Coal, (f 2d quality)_5500 to 5600k. 

Each furnace produces, in 24h., 2500k. 
mattes. 


No. 5 .—Analysis of Scorias. 


Si. 

34.30 

36.68 

Xl 

•••• •••• •••••••• • 

4.65 

4.55 

Fe. 

41.96 

42.12 

Ca. 

7.45 

2.17 

Mg & Mn. 

1.30 

0.65 

Cu. 

0.15 

0.32 

Pb. 

0.98 

1.94 

Zn . 

7.75 

7.30 

S... 


2.85 


98.54 

98.58 


Scoria contains, 


No. 3 .—Assay of the Matte ) (1862.) 

Ag, 135gr. 

Pb 5 # 

Cu, 2 # 


Ag, 0.507g. 

Pb, 1.5189# 


No. 4 .-—Analysis of the Matte. 


S. 26.702 23.43 

As & Sb. 0.240 0.84 

Ee. 57.781 53.81 

Pb. 4.996 7.35 

Cu.. 4.416 3.87 

Zn. 2.618 7.65 

Ni. 1.312 

Si...,. 2.11 

Ag. 0.086 


98.151 99.06 


No. 6.— Ore Treated. 



Wt. 

Ag 

Cu 

Poor ore, 

2257.18t. 

50.5g 


Ore cont’g Cu 

144.98t. 

45.6g 

1.1# 

Ore as flux, 

2854.15t. 

15.6g 

0.007 


5256.31t. 


No. 7 .—Products of the Treatment. 


Containing. 

Employed. Wt. Ag Pb Cu 

Scorias containing Pb. 4897.05t. 1422k. 240.53t. 19.74t. 

Ore. 5256.3t. 1655.92k. 2.30t, 


3077.92k. 240.53t. 22.04t. 

Obtained. 

Matte .. 2320t. 3034k. 112.15t. 46.40 

Poor scoria. 7957t. 40.34k. 120.85t. 

3074.34k. 233.OOt. 46.40 

Ag lost in the scoria. 1.3# or 40.34k. 

Pb “ “ . 50.3# or 120.85t. 












































64 


Xo. 8.—- Cost for Boasting forQ> months. 

Ore in reverberatory furnace. 2043.1 4 1. 
Ore in stalls and kilns. 376.lGt, 


2419.30t. 

T . ) roast’s, 4661d. at 1.50f. 6991.50f 

l.aoor, ^ labor , g 675d.atl.20f. 810.00 

p , \ coal, 504.42t. ... 7035.75 

110 J l shavings & wood, 9t.. . 90.00 

Repairs of furnaces & tools... 1778.00 


14927.25f 


Xo. 9.— Cost for Boasting It. of Ore. 


Labor, 2.205d. 3.266f. 

r , ) coal, 0.208t.2.908 


’ ) shavings & wood, 0.0037 0.037 
Repairs of furnaces & tools .... 0.520 


--■_ 6.731f. 

Xo. 10 .—Time for Smelting. 


Scorias, 4897.5t.. 
Ores, 5256.3t. 


1.014d. 


Including 30 days for repairs. 


Xo. 11.— Cost of Smelting. 

(founders, 8.09Gd.... 14.720f. 
Labor, -(laborers, 5.214d.... 6.257 

( assistants, 2.083d.... 2.500 

v . j coal, 5383.3t... 76.502 

ue ’( lignite, 26.5t. 412 

Repairs of furnaces & tools... 13.162 


113.553f. 

Xo. 12.— Cost for 1 1. of Charge. 


T | j work, 1.310d. 2.066f. 

JjaDor> l assistants, 0.203d. 0.244 

Fuel.. 7.572 


Repairs of furnaces & tools.... 1.298 


- 11.180f. 

Xo. 13.— Cost of Boasting 2.122£. of 
Matte in a Beverh. Furn. 

794.1 Of. 
1630.80 
316.40 
268.15 
352.80 
384.00 
641.00 


I abor | roas ^ s J 604d. at 1.50f. 


labor’rs, 1359d, 1.20f. 
shavings & wood, 31.Ct. 
coal, 17.7t. at 15.15f.. 
coke, 19.6t. at # 18.00f.. 
( fine coal,38.4t. at lO.OOf. 
Repairs of furnaces & tools.. 


Fuel 


Xo. 14.— Cost for Boasting It. Matte. 

Labor, 0.925d. 1.142f. 

f shavings & wood, 0.015t. 0.149f. 

r , J coal, ^ 0.008t. 0.126 

lniel ) coke, 0.009t. 0.166 

I fine coal, 0.018t. 0.181 

Repairs of furnaces & tools.... 0.302 


2.066f. 


Xo. 15 .—Influence of the Zinc. 

Ore of Pb fusion contains.. 8 <f 0 Zn 

Ore for fusion scorias “ .. 13 to 14^ “ 

To volatilize the Zn, (1854) 

( Scorias containing Pb 1200k. 


Charge < Roasted ore. 200k. 

f Ore not roasted. 100k. 


1500k. 

Pulverized coke. 75k. 

Fluor... 50k. 


Xo. 16.— Analysis of Scoria & Mattes. 

Without With addition 
Matte, addition of coke. of coke. 


Fe. 

36.55 

46.54 

Zn. 

13.10 

4.65 

Cu. 

5.21 

6.70 

Pb. 

9.32 

7.98 

Scoria. 

Si. 

34.30 

36.00 

XI. 

4.65 

3.36 

Fe. 

41.96 

40.86 

Ca. 

7.45 

7.96 

Mg & Mn.. . 
Cu. 

1.30 

1.75 

0.15 

0.18 

Pb... 

0.98 

0.73 

Zn . 

7.75 

6.66 

S. 

0.80 

1.92 


Xo. 17 .—Smelting in the Kilns—Old 
Method. 

Quantity of scoria with 1000k. of ore. 

With cold blast.. 1,150k. 

With hot “ . 800k. 

Quantity of charge in 24h... ,3t. 

“ “ ore “ ... . 1.4tol.5t 


4387.25f. 



















































65 


No. 18.— Smelting in Reverb. Furnace , 
AT? to Method. 

(Proportions in 1852.) 

Poor ore.5 to 10 parts. 

Roasted ore .under 80 parts. 

Pb scoria, 100 
lOt. charge in 24 hours. 
Obtained. 


2500 to 3000k. 
matte cont. 

Scoria contain’g 


( Ag, 80 to 160g. 

•< Pb, 8 to 12^ 

( Cu, 1 to 3^ 

j Pb, 4 to 1.5$ 

\ Traces of Ag 


No. 19— Comparison of the two Methods. 

Rever. Shaft 
Furn. Furn. 

Charge emp. in 24h. 10^t. 3t. 

Labor for It. charge l^d. 3d. 

Cost of labor. 2.07f. 4.35f. 

Fuel per ton., coal, 0.532t. 0.33t. coke 
Cost fuel per ton... . 7.57f. 8f. 

Repairs furn. & tools. 1.30f. 0.80-0.90f. 


No. 20.— Recapitulation. 
Proportion. 

Poor ore. Rich ore. 

Ore, 544.7k. 455.3k. 

For smelting the rich ore, matte, 257.3k. 

Products. 


Silver Pb.143.6k. 

Matte cont. Pb,.. 29.8 

Pb scoria “ .534 

Speiss “ Ag, . 0.36 

Poor ores add to Pb scoria-544.7 

Quantity roasted.251 


Products. 


Poor scoria.853k. 

Matte.240k. 


Total cost, 10.94f. 13.20f. 

Difference=2.26f. per ton. 


No. 21.— Cost of these Operations. 

Fuel. 


Operations. Labor. Coal. Coke. Wood. 


Days. Price. Wt. in ton. Price. Weight. Price. Weight. Price. 

Roasting Pb ore.0.988 1.483 0.098 1.329 

Smelting for Pb.1.800 3.100 0.014 0.182 0.221 5.035 

Roast’g ore cont. pyrites.0.549 0.813 0.052 0.724 0.009 0.091 

Smelting of scorias.1.631 2.491 0.574 8.166 

Roasting of matte..... .0.237 0.293 0.002 0.003 0.007 0.089 0.004 0.040 


5.205d 8.180f 0.740t 10.434f 0.228t 5.124f 0.013t 0.131f 
Fluxes Fluor. Blast & stamps. Repairs furn. & tools. Total. 


_A_ 

/- \ 


Weight. Price. 

Price. 

Price. 

Price. 

Roasting Pb ore. 


0.235 

3.047 

Smelting for Pb. 0.002 0.036 

0.402 

0.634 

9.389 

Roast’g ore cont. Pyrites, 


0.012 

1.640 

Smelting scorias. 


1.301 

11.958 

Roasting of matte.... 


0.Q77 

0.532 

0.002t 0.036f 

0.402f 

2.259f 

26.566f 









































66 


No. 22 .—Loss of Metals. 


Ag Pb Cu 

Contained in the*ore. 8536.77k. 1569.86t. 4.29t. 

Obtained. 8471.00k. 1441.04t. 28.69t. 


Difference. 65.77k. or 0.77$ 128.821. or 8.20$ 24.33=excess 

Scorias thrown away contain. 40.34k. or 0.47$ 120.85t. or 7.70$ 

Ileal loss by volatilization... 25.43k. or 0.30$ 7.97t. or 0.50$ 


(3) TREATMENT OE THE LEAD MATTES. 

(a) 1 st fusion. 

No. 1 .—Fusion of the Matte. 
Depth of crucible of furnace... 0.53m. 
Charge for 24h. 

For 1,000k. 
of matte. 

8500 to 4000k. roasted matte. 


800 to 650k. “. Cu ore...200k. 

950k. revivification scoria 240k. 
150k. fluor.40k. 


5750k. 

Scoria from same operation, 500 to 600k. 
Coke consumed. 

For It. matte. 0.34t. 

For It. charge. 0.25t. 

Products obtained. 

0.8t. of lead at 630g. of Ag. 

^ C A g. 200g. 

1.2t. Cu matte cont. < Cu. 38$ 

(Pb. 20$ 


No. 2 .—Analysis of Cu Matte. 

S.. 21.00 

Pb . 24.80 

Fe. 15.20 

Cu. 36.20 

Ag. 0.16 

Ni, Zn & Sb. 2.64 


- 100.00 

No. 3.— Analysis of Scorias. 

Si. 28.05 

Fe. 62.08 

Ca. 3.02 

Mg ....,. 0.85 

Pb & Cu. 2.67 

3tl, S & loss. 4.33 


100.00 


( l )) 2d fusion. 

No. 1 .—Analysis of the Matte. 


Cu. 53.88 

Pb. 12.32 

Fe. 10.39 

Ni, Co&Zn . 1.18 

As & Sb., . 1.53 

S. 18.01 


97.31 


No. 2 .—Assay of the Matte , (1862.) 


Ag 


Pb 

Cu 


210g. 

10 $ 

50 $ 


Speiss contains, 

Cu...40$ 

Pb . 10$ 

Ni & Co. 2.5$ 

Ag. 500g. 

1st smelting of speiss. 

Debris of hearths. 50$ 

Scoria of concentration. 150$ 

Sulphate of baryta. 10$ 


Ni & Co in speiss after 1st smelting 12$ 


2d smelting of speiss. 


Speiss. 100 

Litharge.400 

Scoria of revivification..... .... 300 

Sulphate of baryta. 10 


No. 


A'U 

Co 

Ni 


3 .—Speiss Contains in 100F. 

.30g. 

.. 18$ 

. 1.84$ 

. 12.65$ 





























































67 


Ah. 4 .—Smelting for Concentration of 
Speiss. 


Speiss. 100 

Sulphate of baryta.50 to GO 

Quartz..20 to 25 


Amount of Ni & Co after concentration 
40 to 44$ 


Fe. 51.83 

Pb. 5. GO 

Cu. 11.33 

Zn. 2.14 

O & loss. 6.97 


100.00 


(c) TREATMENT OF THE SCORIAS. 

Ah. 1 .—Analysis of Matte obtained in 
Smelting Scoria. 

S... 21.81 

As & Sb. 0.73 


No. 2 .—Assay of this Matte . 

Ag OOg. 

Pb, 5k. 

Cu, 4k. 


RESUME. 

No. 1.— Treatment in the Shaft Furnace. 

Labor including G days to light and extinguish fire, 195d. 

Contained. 

Employed. ,- A -. 

/-*-—n Ag Pb Cu 

480.80t. roas’d matte (wt. before roast’g) 1048.G0k. 116.145t. 63.536t. 

112.44 Cu ore roasted . 37.092 15.305t. 

The matte produced weighs 109.55L, it is roasted & smelted with : 

11.87 unroasted materials contain’g Cu 47.220 3.849t. 

14.65t. fluor. 

137.20t. revivification scoria. 3$ 

91.60t. scoria fr. concentration of matte 1.5$ 

32. t. Cu containing Pb.. 

G1.45t. matte of revivification at 30g.. 17.778k. 40$(24.580t.) 16$(9.30G 

20.65t. scoria “ 

10.35t. “ of concentration. 

2.90t. fluor. 

5.00t. sulphate of baryta. 

Obtained. Ag Pb Cu 

110.25t. Silver lead at 627g. 691.075k. 

166.62t. Cu matte at 179g. 297.750k. 10$(lG.702t.) 44$(74.598t.) 

27.50t. speiss cont’g 2.5$ Ni & Co 500g. 10$ 40$ 

G44.50t. scoria for reverb, furn.... 


No. 2.— Cost of the Operation. 

T , j roasters, 1204d.... 1622.00f. 
Labor, ^ founders, 1378 .... 2619.00 

Fuel. 

C wood, 3.15t.1 

Roas’g ■< coke <fe fine coal, 54.7 > 2072.00 1 
( coal, 136.2 .) 


Fusion, 

Fluxes, 


charcoal, 0.200t. 
coke, 329.3G0t. 
fluor, 17.55t.... 
HaS, 5.00t_ 


Stamps. 

Blast engine. 

Repairs of furn. & tools 


7488.75 

308.00 

31.00 

567.00 

330.00 

1160.00 


16197.75f. 



































G8 


No. 3 .—Smelting Scoria in Reverb. 
Furnace. 

Amount of scorias treated.G44.50t. 

Labor, including 3d. for repairs.. .11 Id. 

Employed. Ag Cu 

518.40 ore cont’g 180.307g. 3.270t. 
43.80 scoria containing 3$ 

Obtained. 

Matte at Ag 90g.264.85t. 

Poor scoria at Ag 3.5g...942.50t. 

Metals contained. 

Ag Pb Cu 


Mat. 238.565k. 5$(13.142t) 4$(10.514t) 
Scoria, 0.l71k.$ 

No. 4.— Cost of the Operation, 
j ■> , $ roasters, 890d..., 1335.00f. 

a 0r? ^founders, 920d.... 1656.00 
-p , i roasting 120t. coal . . . 1656.50 
ue ’ \ fusion 644t. “ ... 9015.00 

Repairs of furnaces & tools.. 1410.00 

- 15072.50f. 

No. 5 .—Loss of Metals. 


Ag Pb Cu 

Empl’d. 1330.917k. 145.458t. 96.755t, 
Obt’ed. 1364.890k. 142.842t. 96.112t, 


Differ’ce 33.973k. 2.616t. 0.643t. 

or, 2.55$ 1.80$ 0.685$ 


RECAPITULATION. 

No. 1.— Cost for 1£. of Mattes. 
Fusion in Shaft Furnace. 

Labor 5.37d. 8.820f. 

( coal, 0.283t. 3.065 

Fuel, < wood, 0.007t. 0.156 

( coke, 0.800t. 16.678 

Fluxes \ fluor ’ °- 036 . °- 640 

’ ( sulphate baryta, 0.010 0.064 

Stamps. 1.179 

Blast engine. 0.686 

Repairs of furn. & tools. 2.579 


Fusion of the Scorias in the Reverbera¬ 
tory Furnace & Roasting, 


Labor, 3.764. 6.220f. 

Fuel, 1.589....22.195 


Repairs of furnace & tools.... 2.932 

31.347f. 


No. 2.— Cost for working Matte con¬ 


taining Pb. 

Labor, 9.134d........ 15.040f. 

( coal, 1.872t. 25.260 

Fuel, < wood, 0.007 . 0.156 

( coke, 0.800 . 16.678 

Fluxes, fluor &; baryta, 0.046t. 0.704 

Stamps & blast engine. 1.865 

Repairs of furnaces & tools. .. 5.511 


65.214f. 


IMBIBATION. 


LIQUATION. 

No. 1 .—Details of Treatment. 

Quantity treated in 24h. 5 to lOt. 

For It, of skeletons. 

Black .Cu. 600 to 800k. 

Crasses. 400 to 200 


No. 2.— Loss. 

Cu, * 5 to 6$ 

Pb, 40 to 48$ 

Ag, 23$ 


No. 3.— Cost of the Operation. 

Pb, 350k. at 500f. I75.00f. 

Cu, 50k. at 2000 . 100.00 

Fuel &; labor. 25 


33.867f. 


SOO.OOf. 









































69 


AMALGAMATION. 


(1) Saxon Amalgamation. 

(2) American Amalgamation. 

(3) Pan Amalgamation. 


(1) SAXOX AMALGAMATION. 

A r o. 1 . — Charge of the Barrel. 


Roasted ore.514k. 

Water.. 154k. 

Iron.80 to 50k. 

Mercury.,. .. 257k. 


No. 2.— Barrel at Carson Hill. 

Height of barrel. 1.36m. 

Diameter “ . 1.25 

Thickness of sides. 0.05 

Diameter of bottom basins. .. 0.45 

Length of Fe or Cu plates.. . 0.50 

Width “ “ 0.25 

Charge of ore.. 250 to 500k. 

Charge of Ilg.. 200k. 

Time required. ... 3 to 8^b. 

No. of men for 4 barrels... 1 


No. 3.— Cost at Freiberg. 


Cost for roasting 470k. at 20f.. 9.40f. 

Fuel for roasting the matte.... 1.60 

Hg, 4409 at 6f.'. 2.64 

Sold 100k. at 13.50f... 13.50 

Fe, 1.20k.at 36f. 0.40 

Repairs . 5.00 

Labor, f roasting. 3.40 

lid., ) Amalgamation.. 14.00 

Cost of direction.... 3.20 


53.17f. 


(2) AMERICAN AMALGAMATION. 


No. 1.— Expenses. 

Hg, 3.35k. at 14.13f. 45.92f. 

Stamping. 14.36 

Grinding. 51.45 

Am alga- j labor, 3.50 to 3 ) 9n , r 

mation, ) horses, 16.60 to 17.16 J " ’ 0 

Washing. 4.30 

Distillation.. 5.75 

Magistral & salt, 50 to 75k_ 25.85 

Rent of works. 7.18 

Cost of direction. 8.82 


-— 189.79f. 

MIXED METHOD. 

No. 1 .—Details of Operation. 


Charge of ore. 2400k. 

Salt.. 150k. 

PeS or CuS... 36k. 

Alum. 24k. 

Water . 600k. 


No. 2.— Cost. 

Labor, 4d. at 0.95f. 3.80f. 

Magistral, 60k. at 16f.... .. 9.60 

Hg, 540k at 12f. 6.48 

Repairs. 1.83 

Customhouse charges.1.46 

Transportation of ore . 1.21 


24.38f. 

182g of Ag extracted.. 40.4 

52g “ in residues. 

O 


234g. 

Cost of ore.. 8.14 

Cost of treatment. .24.38 


- 32.52f. 

(3) TAN AMALGAMATION. 


TREATMENT OF SILVER IN THE WET WAY 


(1) Augustine’s Method. 

(2) Ziervogel’s Method. 

(3) Von Patera’s Method. 

(4) Solution in Acids. 

(1) augustine’s method. 

No. 1 .—Boasting Furnace at Mansfcld. 

Length of hearth.. 2.60m. 

Width “ in centre.... 2.60 


Length of hearth at flue.... 1.20 

Length of the bridge--- 2.00 

Width “■ ..50 

Llearth below top of bridge. .10 

Greatest height of arch- .50 

Width of grate. .50 

Size of the flue.40 x .60 

Pas’ gefr.low’rtoupp’rhearth.20 x .60 

Width of working door.... 0.70 























































70 


No. 2.— To treat 3000P. of Matte a year. 


Solution tanks. 20 

Precipitation tanks. 24 

Furnaces for roasting. 9 

“ “ chloruration. 4 


Nb. 


Labor 


Coal, 

Salt, 

Iron, 

HC1, 

Repair 


3.— Cost of the Operation at 


Freiberg , (1802.) 
Roasting & washing. 

56.320fi 

2.327t. 

35.255 

0.1.73t.... ) 
0.393t .... V 

25.625 

0.0018.... ) 

7.450 


124.650f. 

Ag in Bile. Cu. 50g. 

Loss. 


Ag, ' 12$ 

Cu, 4$ 

Smelting of residues containing no Ag. 

Labor. 9.032f. 

Coal, 2.043t... 30.951 

Repairs.. 0.950 


40.933f. 

Refining of Ag. 


Labor . 0.245f. 

Coal, 0.014t. 0.212 

Repairs. 0.004 


0.461f. 

Resume. 

Roasting & washing.. 124.650f. 


Smelting residues. 40.933 

Refining Ag.'. 0.461 


166.044f. 


(2) ziervogel’s method at mansfeld. 
Treatment. 

No. 1 .—Roasting of the Matte of 
Concentration. 

Stamping. 

Dimensions of mesli of sieve.l to 2m.m. 


Ore stamped in 12h. 2C00k. 

Dimensions of the Roasting Furnace. 

Length. 3 m. 

Width.0.60 

Total length of hearth.3.50 


Width at each end.2 

u in the middle.3 

Height of bridge..0.25 

Height of the arch.0.10 to 0.12 

Greatest height of arch.0.55 

Height of arched conduit.2 

Width “ “ .1.50 

Distance of the small conduits. .3.30 
Height “ “ ..0.70 

Temperature on lower hearth.. . 800° 

u u upper u ... 425° 


No. 2.— Charge. 
Concentrated matte, 250k. 
Desilverized residues at 0.002 Ag 35 
Large pieces of preced’g opera’n 12p 
Residues containing Ag. 2 


No. 3— 1st Period Preparatory Roasting. 


Time on upper hearth. 5h. 

Length of the operations. 

Raking.... 5h. 

1st turning over. P 

Raking. ....... . 1 

2d turning over... P 

Raking; .. 2 

10k. lignite are added on the lower 
hearth.F to F 

2d Period, Oxydation. 

Length of this period. 2h. 

Temperature of furn. to end op. 400 a 
Length of each operation. 

Raking... lh. 

Burning up . .. : . .. p 

3d Period, Complete Roasting. 
Length of each operation. 

Raking.. 2h. 

Turning over. p 

Raking. p to p 

Time on lower hearth. 5h. 


No. 4.— Details of the Operation. 

No. of furnaces. 7 

Furnaces working. 6 

Furnaces in repair. 1 

Daily product, of a furn.. 900 to 1000k. 

Wood employed in 12h. 225k. 

No. of workmen per furn.... 5 

u u lower hearth.. 3 

“ “ for fireplace... 2 

Overseer for 2 or 3 furnaces.. 1 

Salary of workmen, per lOh.... 1.62f. 






















































71 


No. 5 .—Dimensions of the Dalle. 


Length of the rable handle. 4m. 

Weight.45k. 

liable lasts.15 to 20d. 


No. G.— Composition of Matte before 
Roasting. 


Cu 2 S 

65 

FeS 

8' 

ZnS 

4.30 

PbS 

1.40 

Ao-S 

0.332 

Cu 

15. 

Fe 

1.50 


Sulphides of Mn, Ni & Co ) 
Oxydes of Fe, Pb, Zn & Co, \ 


100.532 

It contains: 


Metals, 76 

Sulphur, 19 

Oxygen, 2£ 

Insoluble residue, • 1-J. 


100 


No. 7.— Cost of the Operation. 
Charge, 300k. 

Stamping of 2000k.G.OOf. 


Fuel, | 
Labor, 


300k. 

wood, 222k... 4.50? 

lignite, 30k ... 0.60 f 

j work, at l.GOf. 2.50 ^ 
\ overseer,. 0.35 \ 


1.00 

5.10 

2.85 


8.96f. 

Or, per ton, 29.C6f. 


No. 8.— Washing of the Roasted Matte 
and Separation of the Ag. 

After roasting the matte contains: 
Cu, 72 to 75 <f 0 

Ag, 0.37 to 0.39$ 

Capacity of the boiler for heating the 
solution.4 to 5c.m. 

( 

Basins for solution. 

Height. 0.75m. 

Upper diameter. 0.55 

Lower “ . 0.60 

Distance from false bot. to bot. 0.15 

Diam. of holes of upper end... 0.012 


Dimensions of the rectangular conduits. 

Width. 0.60m. 

Height... 0.30 

Width of basins for precipitation. 0.60 
Distance bet. false bot. A bottom. 0.08 

Charge of each basin for washing. 

Roasted matte. 250k. 

Residues containing much Ag.. 30k. 

Quantity of water employed.. .. 851it. 

Temperature of water.65°to70° 

Time of water on the charge. ^-h. 
Quantity of sulphuric acid, -J-k. for 
250k. matte. 

Temperature of the solutions. 70° to 75° 
Time of charge in the basin f to lh. 
Quantity of roasted matte washed daily 

in the basin. 3750k. 

When the residues contain 0.0025k. Ag 
$k. Cu, they are roasted again. 

Time of the solution cont. AgonCu, 24h 

Dimensions of furn. employed to dry Ag. 

Length. 0.55m. 

Height..... 0.16m. 

Fineness of the Ag obtained, 0.600 


No. 9 .—Refining of Silver. 

Capacity of the bath.100k. Ag 

Impurities contained in refined Ag, 1 $ 


(3) vox patera’s method. 


(4) SOLUTION IN ACIDS. 


REFINING SILVER. 


No. 1 .—Muffle Furnace. 


Width. . 


Depth.. 

.. 0.84 

Height. 

.. 0.76 

Hollow for the Ag. 

Diameter.. 

. . 0.38 

Depth. 


Ag contained........ . 

29 to 30k. 

No. prisms around the hearth. 

13 

Size of the prisms. 


Height ,£ .... 

.. 0.15 

Interval between the prisms. 

.. 0.3 

Size of chimney. 

.. 0.3 

Time for fusing Ag. 

fh. 

11 fining Ag. 

3h. 








































TREATMENT OF GOLD ORES. 


No. 1 .—Analysis of Gold from 
California. 



1 

o 

o 

O 

4 

Au, 

90.9 

91.4 

89.1 

93. 

Ag, 

8.7 

8.5 

10.5 

6.7 

Fe, 

0.2 

traces. 

0.2 

traces. 


99.8 

99.9 

99.8 

99.7 

Density, 15.7 

16.65 

17.55 

1623 


No. 2.— Composition of Gold Sands. 



1 

2 

3 

Magnetic Fe, 

59.82 

34.35 

23 

Ti with ores of Fe, 


15. 

50 

Mn, 

16.32 



Au, 

0.29 



Quartz, 

13.70 

25. 

14 

Zircons, 

9.20 

20. 

3 

Corundum, 

0.67 

1 . 


Chrysoberyl, 



10 

Other minerals, 


4.65 



100. 

100. 

180 


( 1 ) 

( 2 ) 

( 3 ) 

( 4 ) 


TREATMENT. 

Washing. 

Washing and Amalgamation. 


Fusion. 

Wet Way. 

(1) WASHING. 

Cost of Treatment. 

To move lc.m. 

Ordinary Washing . 129f. 

Rocker.. 22 

Long Tom... . . G.50 

Hydraulic process. 1.28 

(2) WASHING AND AMALGAMATION. 

No. 1 .—Details in Sardinia. 

Ore of mills. 82 

Loss of Hg for 29.5t. ore.. 500g 

Loss in Au & Ag .............. 28$ 

Amalgam contained Au & Ag. 17 to 18$ 


No. 2.— Composition of the Amalgam. 


Au 

72.55 

to 75.4 

Ag 

26.61 

23.96 

Cu 

.84 

.74 


100.00 

100 


(8) FUSION. 

(4) WET WAY. 


TREATMENT BY CHLORINE. 


REFINING OF GOLD AND SILVER AT SEPTEMES. 

< No. 1 .—Mercantile Products. 

Ag.997 fineness. 

Au.997 “ 

Sulphate of Cu. 

No. 2 .—Treatment of the Substances. 

To be treated directly the amount of 
Au must be more than .006 
To be treated with Cu the amount of 
Au must be less than .006 
Classification of the substances. 

1st class, amount of Au, .006 to .750 
2d class, “ “ more than .750 

No. 3.— 'Smelting for Granulation. 

Charge, 30d. of 1st class substances. 
Length of the operation. 3h. 

No. 4.— Solution. 

Charge of granulated metal. 15 to 17k. 
Quantity of S added, to 3 times 
the weight of the charge. 

Density of the acid. 50° 

Length of the operation. 2h. 

Density of cond’sd sulphuric acid. 27° 
“ after the concentration. 50° 

No. 5 .—Deposition of the Marcs. 

Temperature of the solution.. 30° 

Charge of the basin. 35k 

Density of solution after dissolu’n.. 17° 
Distance of the end of the syphon to 
the bottom of the basin. 0.25m. 

No. 6. —Precipitation of Ag. 

Length of the operation... 7h. 

Density of the solution of CuS.... 20° 
“ when employed for 2d opera’n 24° 

Skimming & washing precipitated Ag. 

Quantity of Ag.. 30 to 35k. 

Length of the operation .... lh. 

Pressing of the precipitated Ag. 
Moisture cont. after operation. 8 to 10$ 








































73 


No. 7 .—Smelting of Ag. 


Weight of the ingots. 20k. 

Fineness “ .997 


No. 8 —Inquartation & Smelting for Au 
Wt. of Au cont. in the marcs.. 4 to 5k. 
Addition of the substances of 2d class. 
Density of the acid employed for dis¬ 


solving. 50° 


No. 9.— Treatment of the substances not 
containing much Au, with Cu. 

Amount of Au, less than.006 

Smelting with Cu to have a fineness .700 

Charge for smelting. 30k. 

Charge for dissolution.21 to 22k. 


No. 10.— Cost for Each Operation. 

Smelting for granulation. 

6 charges of 30k. or 180k. require: 
Coke, 50k. at 45f. for 1000k... . 2.25f. 
Charcoal, 40k. at 12f. for 100k. , 4.80 
Plumbago crucible of 40 marcs 


at 0.18f. the marc. . 7.20 

Labor. 3.25 


17.50f. 

Or, for lk. with ordi’ry crucibles, 0.097 
With crucibles of best quality, 0.063 
Solution. 


For 80k. (5 charges) require: 
Sulphuric acid at 50° 250k. at 6f. 15.00f. 
Lignite, GOOk. at 23f. per 100k. 7.80 

Labor. 3.25 


26.05f. 

Or, for lk. 0.325 

When they are poor in Au and are 
granulated with Cu the expenses are: 
Sulphuric acid at 66° 250k. at 14f. 

per 100k. .. 35.00f. 

Lignite, 800k. at 23f. per 1000k. 18.40 
Labor. 3.25 


* 56.65f. 

Or, for lk. 0.708 

Deposition of the Au. 

For a charge containing 35k. Ag in 
solution: 

Lignite, 75k. at 23f. per 1000k. 1.7211 
Labor. L62 


3.34 

Or, for lk. of Ag contained, 0.095f. 


Precipitation. 

Charge of 35k. Ag precipitated requires: 
Cu, 10.266k. at 3.25f. per kil. 33.25f. 
Lignite, 100k. at 23f. per 1000k. 2.30 
Labor. 0.G5 


36.20 

Or, for lk. Ag obtained.... 1.037f. 

Washing A Pressing of precipitated Ag 
35k. of precipitated Ag requires : 
Lignite, 25k. at 23f. per 1000k. 0.57f. 
Labor.... 1.62 


2.19 

Or, for lk. Ag pressed. 0.062f. 

Smelting with Cu. 

For the substances having a fineness of 
900$, the addition of Cu must be 
200g. to make the fineness 700$ 
180k. substances to be granulated require 


Cu, 36k. at 3.25f. per k. 117.00f. 

Coke, 50k. at 45f. per 1000k. 2.25 

Charcoal, 40k. at 12f. pr 100k. 4.80 

Crucible of 40m. at 0.18f. prm. 7.20 
Labor. 3.25 


134.50 

Or, for lk. granulated subst. 0.622fi 

No. 11 .—Manufacture of CuS 
The production of 900k. mercantile sul¬ 
phate require: 

Lignite, 1000k. at 23f. per ton.. 23.00f. 
Labor. 48.75 


71.75 

Or, for 100k. sulphate. 14.35f. 


No. 12.— Comparison of the 2 Methods. 
{Direct and by Cu.) 

Title of the substances taken for example 
Ag 0.900 Au 0.006 

Costs for 100k. of material treated. 


Granulation. 9.70f. 

Solution. 32.50 


Deposition of the marcs . 9.50 

Precipitation of 90k. Ag. 93.33 

Washing A pressing of Ag- 5.58 

Smelting of the Ag. 8.73 

Smelting for inquartation 600g. 

Au A 1.800k. Ag. 0.05 

Dissolving. 0.01 









































74 


Washing the Au obtained. 0.03 

Smelting Au . 0.05 

Manufacture of 40k. sulphate of 
Cu obtained. 5.74 


165.24f. 

Deduct from the expense: 

40k. sulphate at 120f. per 100k. 48.00 

117.24f. 

Or, for lk. substance to 0.997 1.29G 

Xo. 13.— Costs for the Treatment hy Cu. 


Granulation. 62.20f. 

Solution. 70.80 

Deposit of the marcs . 9.50 

Precipitation of 87.500k. 90.83 


Washing & pressing of Ag.. . 5.42 

Smelting of Ag. 8.48 

Manufacture of 184k. sulphate. 20.40 
The marcs of Au contain Ag 
2k. and Au at 800$ 0.600k. 

Wt. of the marcs.... 3.700k. 

Cost for cupellation 2.75f. pr k. 8.52 
Cost for the refining of 3.100k. 
substances at 1.296f. per k.. 4.03 


286.18f. 

Deduct from the expense: 

184k. sulphate at 120f. pr 100k. 220.80 


65.38 

Or, for lk. substances at 997$ 0.726f. 


TREATMENT OF TIN. 


iYo. 1 .—Dimensions of Reverh. Furnace. 

Diameter. 3.60m. 

Angle of hearth. 

Fireplace.0.40 x 1.80 

Length of teeth of rake.. 0.20 

No. revolutions per minute 40 

Quantity roasted in 24h. . 2t. 


Xo. 2 .—Expense of Roasting in Ordinary 
Furnace. 


Labor, 2.20d. at 2.29. 

... 5.7Gf. 

Cod, 765k. 

. . . 12.56 


17.62f. 

Xo. 3.— Treatment with NaC. 

Quantity of ore treated.... 

.. . 1050k. 

Weight after treatment. 

. .. 1000k. 

Expense. 


NaC 80k. at 30f. 

. ,. 24.00f. 

Coal, 115k. at 20f.. 

... 2.30 

Labor, 1.20d. at 3.75f. 

.. . 4.40 


30.75 

Working & carting. 

... 25.00 

— 

55.70f. 

TREATMENT IN THE SHAFT FURNACE. 

Xo. 1.— Treatment of\t. 

of Ore. 

Tin. 

5 25 

Scorias... 


0 & loss.... 

. 50 


Xo. 2 .—Details of Treatment. 


Quantity treated in 24h. 1 to 1.5t. 

Yield of the ore. 60 to 65$ 

Loss of Sn. 15 to 17$ 


Xo. 3 .—Expense of Treatment for If. of 
Ore. 

Charcoal, 925k. at 5f. 46.25f. 

Labor, 8d. at 1.50f. 12.00 


58.25 

Sundries & general expenses.. 25 to 35 


83 to 93 f. 


TREATMENT IN REVERBERATORY FURNACE. 

Xo. 1 .—Details of Treatment. 


Quantity treated in 24h_ 4t. 

Yield of the ore. 66$ 

Loss of Sn. 10 to 12$ 


Xo. 2.— Cost of Treatment. 

Labor, 0.65d. at 3f. ].95f. 

Cost, 750 at 26f... 18.75 

Anthracite, 250 at 27f. 6.75 

Wood, lk. 0.02 

Carting & roasting scorias... . 0.42 

Repairs, tools, &c. 1.00 


28.89f. 

General expenses... 26-32 


10.00 


54-G0f 























































75 


TREATMENT OF ORES OF ZINC. 


Treatment. 

(1) Silesian Method. 

(2) Belgian Method. 

(3) English Method. 

(4) Treatment in the Wet Way. 

(1) SILESIAN METHOD. 

No. 1 .—Purchase of Ores at Vielle 
Montague. 

V=purchase price. 

R—yield of the ore in the wet way. 

E=$ of loss in the treatment. 

11$ of the raw ore. 

15$ of the calcined ore. 

17$ with 15$ of Silicates. 

P=price of lk. Zn, or about 45$ 100k. 
T=cost of treatment, or about 8$ 

D=difference between 45$ and the price 
at the time of purchase. 

(R-E) 

Y=(R-E) (P-T)+—-—(P-D) 

JmJ 


No. 2 .—Roasting Blende. 

Crushing the ore. l.OOf. 

Coal, 2151. at 20f.. 4.30 

Labor, 1.43d. at 2.2f. 3.15 

Sundries & general expenses.... 3.50 


11.95 

For It. of roasted Blende. 15f. 

Loss in weight. 18$ 


No. G .—Dimensions of the Muffles. 

Length ..I. 1.17 to 1.45m. 

Interior width. 0.14 to 0.15 

Exterior 11 0.22 

11 height. 0.55 

Interior u . 0.28 

No. of muffles. 28-32-48 


No. 7 .—Quantity of Ore Charged. 

For 32 reports, ore. 1050k. 

u 40 “ «. 1250 

“48 " “ . 1500 


No. 2.— Calcining the Ores in a Shaft 
Furnace in Belgium. 

Quantity treated in 241i.... 13 to 14t. 
Loss in weight. .... 25$ 


Charge in each report.32 to 38 

Coal for 1050k. of ore....... 350 

Loss allowed for carbonates.. 11$ 

“ “ Blende .... 13$ 


Expense for It. of ore. 

Coal, 70 to 100k. at 20f. 1.40 to 2.00f. 
Labor, 0.25d. at 2.20f.. , .0.55 

1.95 to 2.55f. 
For It. of calcined ore.... 2.60f. 

With general expenses.... 4 to 4.50f 


No. 8.— Cost of Treatment. 

Labor, 6.7d. at 2.10f. 14.07f. 

Coal for heating 2000 ) 2250 -i 0 i .> 

“ reduction 250 $ atS.OOf 


Muffles and condensers. 4.80 

Repairs to furnace. 2.20 

Sundries. 4.90 


No. 3.— Calcining Ores in a Shaft 
Furnace in Spain. 


Fuel used.... 8 to 9$ 

Quantity treated in 24h. 5 to 8t. 

No. of men . 6 

Loss in weight. 30$ 


When lOt. are treated two fireplaces 
are used. 

No. 4. — Calcining in a Reverb. Furn. 

Labor, 0.25d. at 2.20f. G.55f. 

Coal. 87k. at 20f.. 1.74 

t 

2.29 

For It., of calcined ore.3.05 

With general expenses. 4.50f. 


45.09 

General expenses.... 10.12 


55.2 If. 

Coal consumed for It. ore prod. 5625k. 
Cost for 11 1.35tol.45f. 


No. 9 .—Metallurgy of Cadmium .. 


(2) BELGIAN METHOD. 

No. 1 .—Dimensions of Muffles. 

Length.1.05 to 1.10m. 

Diameter.0.15 

Weight of report. 35 to 45k. 

Cost of “ . 1.75 to 2.OOf. 














































76 


No. 2.— Ore Charged. 

No. of reports in furnace. 42 

Ore charged. 500k. 

Anthracite. 250k. 

Charge in each report.11 to 12k. 

No. 3.— Cost of Treatment. 

Labor, 9d. at 2.05f. 18.45f. 

Cost for roasting 1500 ) 2000 9orn 
“ reduction 500 \ at 11.25 
Muffles, &c. 7.00 


Repairs. 2.92 

Sundries. 2.00 


52.87 

General expenses.10 to 12 


62 to 65f. 


(3) ENGLISH METHOD. 


(4) A VET METHOD. 


TBEATMENT OF ORES OF MERCURY. 


METHOD BY PRECIPITATION. 

Expense for It. of ore. 


Labor, 1.5d. at 1.68f. 

. 2.52f. 

Wood, 1000k. at 4.20f...._ 

. 4.20 

Lime, 100k. at 7.50f. 

. 0.75 


7.47f. 

METHOD BY ROASTING. 


No. 1.— Quantity of Mercury Obtained. 

Mercury obtained directly.... 

19.10k. 

100k. of mercural soot cont. Hg 

5.45 


24.55 

Loss. 

9.45 


34. OOf. 

No. 2.— Expense of If. of Ore at 

Idria. 


Labor, 3d. at 1.14f. 

. 3.42f. 

Wood, 200 at 5.50f. 

. 2.49 

Reports, 20k. 1.06f. 

. 0.12 

Repairs, bricks, &c. 

. 0.24 

Lime.... 

. 1.07 

Sundries. 

. 1.56 

General expenses. 

. 2.86 


10.76f. 


No. 3 .—Mercury Obtained in Modi¬ 
fied Furnace at Idria. 


Mercury obtained directly. 15.2 

7.8k. of mercural soot. 5.7 


20.0 

Loss. 17.1 


No. 4 .—Expense in Modified Furnace 
at Almaden. 

Charcoal, 16.5 at 5.16f. 0.85f. 


Wood. 0.09 

Labor, Id.. 1.10 

Transportation. 0.97 

Sundries. 1.58 


General expenses. 2.86 


7.45f. 


No. 5 .—Mercury Obtained with the 
Alberti Furnace , Tuscany. 


Mercury obtained directly. 6.16 

7.3k. of mercurial soot yielding. 5.54 


11.70 

Loss... 2.30 


14.00 


No. 6 .—Expense icith Alberti Furnace. 
Wood, 0.40 at 5.53f... 2.21f. 


Labor, 1.25d. at 1.14f. 1.42 

Retorts, 2.4 at 0.06f.. 0.14 

Repairs. 0.06 

Sundries. 1.54 

General expenses. 2.86 


8.23f. 


•VVET WAY. 


38.0 




























































TREATMENT OF ORES OF ANTIMONY. 


Liquation of the ore. 

No. 1 —Cost for It. of Concentrated Ore. 


Coal, 6.50 at 20f. 13.00f. 

Labor, lOd. at 1.55f. 15.50 

Repairs.«. 2.50 

31.OOf. 

Loss. 20 to 25$ 


TREATMENT BY ROASTING AND REDUCTION. 

No. 1 .—Expense of the Treatment. 


Coal, 1500k. at 30f. 45.00f. 

Labor, lOd. at 2.50f.25.00 

Charcoal, 80 at 2.50f. 2.06 

45 crucibles, at 0.60f. 21.00 

Fluxes, 100k. at 2.50f. 25.00 


124.00 

General expenses. 76-80 


Antimony in the ore 
Quantity extracted. 


200-204f. 

65 $ 

45$ 










































II 








































































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